Freestyle instances

- Add Effect instancing
   - Allows mods to create visual effects without (block) entities
   - One effect object maps to many AbstractInstances
   - Effect objects are expected to exist in isolation
 - Refactor InstanceManager to be composable about how its instances are stored
   - EffectInstanceManager uses this to provide a one to many topology
   - This is in need of more iteration, and more aspects of InstanceManager should be made composable in the future

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/Flywheel.java

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import com.jozufozu.flywheel.event.ForgeEvents;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.event.ReloadRenderersEvent;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.mixin.PausedPartialTickAccessor;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.vanilla.VanillaInstances;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.vanilla.effect.ExampleEffect;
 import com.mojang.logging.LogUtils;
 
 import net.minecraft.commands.synchronization.ArgumentTypes;
@@ -108,6 +109,8 @@ public class Flywheel {
 		modEventBus.addListener(StitchedSprite::onTextureStitchPre);
 		modEventBus.addListener(StitchedSprite::onTextureStitchPost);
 
+		// forgeEventBus.addListener(ExampleEffect::spawn);
+
 		LayoutShaders.init();
 		InstanceShaders.init();
 		Contexts.init();

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/Engine.java

@@ -5,5 +5,7 @@ import java.util.List;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.InstancerManager;
 
 public interface Engine extends RenderDispatcher, InstancerManager {
+	void attachManagers(InstanceManager<?>... listener);
+
 	void addDebugInfo(List<String> info);
 }

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/InstanceManager.java

@@ -1,15 +1,9 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.HashSet;
-import java.util.List;
-import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
 
-import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
-
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.InstancerManager;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.DynamicInstance;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.TickableInstance;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.Backend;
@@ -20,37 +14,38 @@ import com.jozufozu.flywheel.config.FlwConfig;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.light.LightUpdater;
 import com.mojang.math.Vector3f;
 
-import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.objects.Object2ObjectOpenHashMap;
 import net.minecraft.client.Camera;
 import net.minecraft.core.BlockPos;
 
 public abstract class InstanceManager<T> {
 
-	public final InstancerManager instancerManager;
-
 	private final Set<T> queuedAdditions;
 	private final Set<T> queuedUpdates;
 
-	protected final Map<T, AbstractInstance> instances;
-	protected final Object2ObjectOpenHashMap<T, TickableInstance> tickableInstances;
-	protected final Object2ObjectOpenHashMap<T, DynamicInstance> dynamicInstances;
-
 	protected DistanceUpdateLimiter frame;
 	protected DistanceUpdateLimiter tick;
 
-	public InstanceManager(InstancerManager instancerManager) {
-		this.instancerManager = instancerManager;
+	public InstanceManager() {
 		this.queuedUpdates = new HashSet<>(64);
 		this.queuedAdditions = new HashSet<>(64);
-		this.instances = new HashMap<>();
-
-		this.dynamicInstances = new Object2ObjectOpenHashMap<>();
-		this.tickableInstances = new Object2ObjectOpenHashMap<>();
 
 		frame = createUpdateLimiter();
 		tick = createUpdateLimiter();
 	}
 
+	public abstract Storage<T> getStorage();
+
+	/**
+	 * Is the given object currently capable of being instanced?
+	 *
+	 * <p>
+	 *     This won't be the case for TEs or entities that are outside of loaded chunks.
+	 * </p>
+	 *
+	 * @return true if the object is currently capable of being instanced.
+	 */
+	protected abstract boolean canCreateInstance(T obj);
+
 	protected DistanceUpdateLimiter createUpdateLimiter() {
 		if (FlwConfig.get().limitUpdates()) {
 			return new BandedPrimeLimiter();
@@ -65,30 +60,9 @@ public abstract class InstanceManager<T> {
 	 * @return The object count.
 	 */
 	public int getObjectCount() {
-		return instances.size();
+		return getStorage().getObjectCount();
 	}
 
-	/**
-	 * Is the given object capable of being instanced at all?
-	 *
-	 * @return false if on object cannot be instanced.
-	 */
-	protected abstract boolean canInstance(T obj);
-
-	/**
-	 * Is the given object currently capable of being instanced?
-	 *
-	 * <p>
-	 *     This won't be the case for TEs or entities that are outside of loaded chunks.
-	 * </p>
-	 *
-	 * @return true if the object is currently capable of being instanced.
-	 */
-	protected abstract boolean canCreateInstance(T obj);
-
-	@Nullable
-	protected abstract AbstractInstance createRaw(T obj);
-
 	/**
 	 * Ticks the InstanceManager.
 	 *
@@ -107,14 +81,14 @@ public abstract class InstanceManager<T> {
 		int cY = (int) cameraY;
 		int cZ = (int) cameraZ;
 
-		ArrayList<TickableInstance> instances = new ArrayList<>(tickableInstances.values());
+		var instances = getStorage().getInstancesForTicking();
 		int incr = 500;
 		int size = instances.size();
 		int start = 0;
 		while (start < size) {
 			int end = Math.min(start + incr, size);
 
-			List<TickableInstance> sub = instances.subList(start, end);
+			var sub = instances.subList(start, end);
 			taskEngine.submit(() -> {
 				for (TickableInstance instance : sub) {
 					tickInstance(cX, cY, cZ, instance);
@@ -154,14 +128,14 @@ public abstract class InstanceManager<T> {
 		int cY = (int) camera.getPosition().y;
 		int cZ = (int) camera.getPosition().z;
 
-		ArrayList<DynamicInstance> instances = new ArrayList<>(dynamicInstances.values());
+		var instances = getStorage().getInstancesForUpdate();
 		int incr = 500;
 		int size = instances.size();
 		int start = 0;
 		while (start < size) {
 			int end = Math.min(start + incr, size);
 
-			List<DynamicInstance> sub = instances.subList(start, end);
+			var sub = instances.subList(start, end);
 			taskEngine.submit(() -> {
 				for (DynamicInstance dyn : sub) {
 					updateInstance(dyn, lookX, lookY, lookZ, cX, cY, cZ);
@@ -197,13 +171,19 @@ public abstract class InstanceManager<T> {
 	public void add(T obj) {
 		if (!Backend.isOn()) return;
 
-		if (canInstance(obj)) {
-			addInternal(obj);
+		if (canCreateInstance(obj)) {
+			getStorage().add(obj);
 		}
 	}
 
 	public void queueAdd(T obj) {
-		if (!Backend.isOn()) return;
+		if (!Backend.isOn()) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if (!canCreateInstance(obj)) {
+			return;
+		}
 
 		synchronized (queuedAdditions) {
 			queuedAdditions.add(obj);
@@ -212,6 +192,11 @@ public abstract class InstanceManager<T> {
 
 	public void queueUpdate(T obj) {
 		if (!Backend.isOn()) return;
+
+		if (!canCreateInstance(obj)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
 		synchronized (queuedUpdates) {
 			queuedUpdates.add(obj);
 		}
@@ -231,45 +216,21 @@ public abstract class InstanceManager<T> {
 	public void update(T obj) {
 		if (!Backend.isOn()) return;
 
-		if (canInstance(obj)) {
-			AbstractInstance instance = getInstance(obj);
-
-			if (instance != null) {
-
-				// resetting instances is by default used to handle block state changes.
-				if (instance.shouldReset()) {
-					// delete and re-create the instance.
-					// resetting an instance supersedes updating it.
-					removeInternal(obj, instance);
-					createInternal(obj);
-				} else {
-					instance.update();
-				}
-			}
+		if (canCreateInstance(obj)) {
+			getStorage().update(obj);
 		}
 	}
 
 	public void remove(T obj) {
 		if (!Backend.isOn()) return;
 
-		if (canInstance(obj)) {
-			AbstractInstance instance = getInstance(obj);
-			if (instance != null) removeInternal(obj, instance);
+		if (canCreateInstance(obj)) {
+			getStorage().remove(obj);
 		}
 	}
 
 	public void invalidate() {
-		instances.values().forEach(AbstractInstance::remove);
-		instances.clear();
-		dynamicInstances.clear();
-		tickableInstances.clear();
-	}
-
-	@Nullable
-	protected <I extends T> AbstractInstance getInstance(I obj) {
-		if (!Backend.isOn()) return null;
-
-		return instances.get(obj);
+		getStorage().invalidate();
 	}
 
 	protected void processQueuedAdditions() {
@@ -285,7 +246,7 @@ public abstract class InstanceManager<T> {
 		}
 
 		if (!queued.isEmpty()) {
-			queued.forEach(this::addInternal);
+			queued.forEach(getStorage()::add);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -298,75 +259,16 @@ public abstract class InstanceManager<T> {
 		}
 
 		if (queued.size() > 0) {
-			queued.forEach(this::update);
-		}
-	}
-
-	protected void addInternal(T obj) {
-		if (!Backend.isOn()) return;
-
-		AbstractInstance instance = instances.get(obj);
-
-		if (instance == null && canCreateInstance(obj)) {
-			createInternal(obj);
-		}
-	}
-
-	protected void removeInternal(T obj, AbstractInstance instance) {
-		instance.remove();
-		instances.remove(obj);
-		dynamicInstances.remove(obj);
-		tickableInstances.remove(obj);
-		LightUpdater.get(instance.level)
-				.removeListener(instance);
-	}
-
-	@Nullable
-	protected AbstractInstance createInternal(T obj) {
-		AbstractInstance renderer = createRaw(obj);
-
-		if (renderer != null) {
-			setup(obj, renderer);
-			instances.put(obj, renderer);
-		}
-
-		return renderer;
-	}
-
-	private void setup(T obj, AbstractInstance renderer) {
-		renderer.init();
-		renderer.updateLight();
-		LightUpdater.get(renderer.level)
-				.addListener(renderer);
-		if (renderer instanceof TickableInstance r) {
-			tickableInstances.put(obj, r);
-			r.tick();
-		}
-
-		if (renderer instanceof DynamicInstance r) {
-			dynamicInstances.put(obj, r);
-			r.beginFrame();
+			queued.forEach(getStorage()::update);
 		}
 	}
 
 	public void onOriginShift() {
-		dynamicInstances.clear();
-		tickableInstances.clear();
-		instances.replaceAll((obj, instance) -> {
-			instance.remove();
-
-			AbstractInstance out = createRaw(obj);
-
-			if (out != null) {
-				setup(obj, out);
-			}
-
-			return out;
-		});
+		getStorage().recreateAll();
 	}
 
-	public void detachLightListeners() {
-		for (AbstractInstance value : instances.values()) {
+	public void delete() {
+		for (AbstractInstance value : getStorage().allInstances()) {
 			LightUpdater.get(value.level).removeListener(value);
 		}
 	}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/InstanceWorld.java

@@ -5,13 +5,15 @@ import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.TickableInstance;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.Backend;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.batching.BatchingEngine;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.blockentity.BlockEntityInstanceManager;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.effect.Effect;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.effect.EffectInstanceManager;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.entity.EntityInstanceManager;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.instancing.InstancingEngine;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.Contexts;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.RenderContext;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.shader.WorldProgram;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.event.BeginFrameEvent;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.ClientLevelExtension;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.vanilla.effect.ExampleEffect;
 
 import net.minecraft.client.Camera;
 import net.minecraft.client.Minecraft;
@@ -29,47 +31,47 @@ import net.minecraft.world.level.block.entity.BlockEntity;
  */
 public class InstanceWorld {
 	protected final Engine engine;
-	protected final InstanceManager<Entity> entityInstanceManager;
-	protected final InstanceManager<BlockEntity> blockEntityInstanceManager;
+	protected final InstanceManager<Entity> entities;
+	protected final InstanceManager<BlockEntity> blockEntities;
 
 	public final ParallelTaskEngine taskEngine;
+	private final InstanceManager<Effect> effects;
 
 	public static InstanceWorld create(LevelAccessor level) {
-		return switch (Backend.getBackendType()) {
-		case INSTANCING -> {
-			InstancingEngine<WorldProgram> engine = new InstancingEngine<>(Contexts.WORLD);
-
-			var entityInstanceManager = new EntityInstanceManager(engine);
-			var blockEntityInstanceManager = new BlockEntityInstanceManager(engine);
-
-			engine.attachManager(entityInstanceManager);
-			engine.attachManager(blockEntityInstanceManager);
-			yield new InstanceWorld(engine, entityInstanceManager, blockEntityInstanceManager);
-		}
-		case BATCHING -> {
-			var engine = new BatchingEngine();
-			var entityInstanceManager = new EntityInstanceManager(engine);
-			var blockEntityInstanceManager = new BlockEntityInstanceManager(engine);
-
-			yield new InstanceWorld(engine, entityInstanceManager, blockEntityInstanceManager);
-		}
-		default -> throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown engine type");
+		var engine = switch (Backend.getBackendType()) {
+			case INSTANCING -> new InstancingEngine<>(Contexts.WORLD);
+			case BATCHING -> new BatchingEngine();
+			case OFF -> throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot create instance world when backend is off.");
 		};
+
+		var entities = new EntityInstanceManager(engine);
+		var blockEntities = new BlockEntityInstanceManager(engine);
+		var effects = new EffectInstanceManager(engine);
+
+		engine.attachManagers(entities, blockEntities, effects);
+
+		return new InstanceWorld(engine, entities, blockEntities, effects);
 	}
 
-	public InstanceWorld(Engine engine, InstanceManager<Entity> entityInstanceManager, InstanceManager<BlockEntity> blockEntityInstanceManager) {
+	public InstanceWorld(Engine engine, InstanceManager<Entity> entities, InstanceManager<BlockEntity> blockEntities,
+			InstanceManager<Effect> effects) {
 		this.engine = engine;
-		this.entityInstanceManager = entityInstanceManager;
-		this.blockEntityInstanceManager = blockEntityInstanceManager;
+		this.entities = entities;
+		this.blockEntities = blockEntities;
+		this.effects = effects;
 		this.taskEngine = Backend.getTaskEngine();
 	}
 
-	public InstanceManager<Entity> getEntityInstanceManager() {
-		return entityInstanceManager;
+	public InstanceManager<Entity> getEntities() {
+		return entities;
 	}
 
-	public InstanceManager<BlockEntity> getBlockEntityInstanceManager() {
-		return blockEntityInstanceManager;
+	public InstanceManager<Effect> getEffects() {
+		return effects;
+	}
+
+	public InstanceManager<BlockEntity> getBlockEntities() {
+		return blockEntities;
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -77,8 +79,8 @@ public class InstanceWorld {
 	 */
 	public void delete() {
 		engine.delete();
-		entityInstanceManager.detachLightListeners();
-		blockEntityInstanceManager.detachLightListeners();
+		entities.delete();
+		blockEntities.delete();
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -96,8 +98,9 @@ public class InstanceWorld {
 		taskEngine.syncPoint();
 
 		if (!shifted) {
-			blockEntityInstanceManager.beginFrame(taskEngine, camera);
-			entityInstanceManager.beginFrame(taskEngine, camera);
+			blockEntities.beginFrame(taskEngine, camera);
+			entities.beginFrame(taskEngine, camera);
+			effects.beginFrame(taskEngine, camera);
 		}
 
 		engine.beginFrame(taskEngine, camera);
@@ -115,8 +118,13 @@ public class InstanceWorld {
 
 		if (renderViewEntity == null) return;
 
-		blockEntityInstanceManager.tick(taskEngine, renderViewEntity.getX(), renderViewEntity.getY(), renderViewEntity.getZ());
-		entityInstanceManager.tick(taskEngine, renderViewEntity.getX(), renderViewEntity.getY(), renderViewEntity.getZ());
+		double x = renderViewEntity.getX();
+		double y = renderViewEntity.getY();
+		double z = renderViewEntity.getZ();
+
+		blockEntities.tick(taskEngine, x, y, z);
+		entities.tick(taskEngine, x, y, z);
+		effects.tick(taskEngine, x, y, z);
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -148,7 +156,7 @@ public class InstanceWorld {
 		// Block entities are loaded while chunks are baked.
 		// Entities are loaded with the world, so when chunks are reloaded they need to be re-added.
 		ClientLevelExtension.getAllLoadedEntities(world)
-				.forEach(entityInstanceManager::add);
+				.forEach(entities::add);
 	}
 
 }

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/InstancedRenderDispatcher.java

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing;
 import java.util.List;
 
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.Backend;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.effect.Effect;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.config.FlwCommands;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.config.FlwConfig;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.RenderContext;
@@ -10,6 +11,7 @@ import com.jozufozu.flywheel.event.BeginFrameEvent;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.event.ReloadRenderersEvent;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.AnimationTickHolder;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.WorldAttached;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.vanilla.effect.ExampleEffect;
 
 import net.minecraft.client.Minecraft;
 import net.minecraft.client.multiplayer.ClientLevel;
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ public class InstancedRenderDispatcher {
 	public static void enqueueUpdate(BlockEntity blockEntity) {
 		if (Backend.isOn() && blockEntity.hasLevel() && blockEntity.getLevel() instanceof ClientLevel) {
 			instanceWorlds.get(blockEntity.getLevel())
-					.getBlockEntityInstanceManager()
+					.getBlockEntities()
 					.queueUpdate(blockEntity);
 		}
 	}
@@ -42,17 +44,21 @@ public class InstancedRenderDispatcher {
 	public static void enqueueUpdate(Entity entity) {
 		if (Backend.isOn()) {
 			instanceWorlds.get(entity.level)
-					.getEntityInstanceManager()
+					.getEntities()
 					.queueUpdate(entity);
 		}
 	}
 
 	public static InstanceManager<BlockEntity> getBlockEntities(LevelAccessor world) {
-		return getInstanceWorld(world).getBlockEntityInstanceManager();
+		return getInstanceWorld(world).getBlockEntities();
 	}
 
 	public static InstanceManager<Entity> getEntities(LevelAccessor world) {
-		return getInstanceWorld(world).getEntityInstanceManager();
+		return getInstanceWorld(world).getEntities();
+	}
+
+	public static InstanceManager<Effect> getEffects(LevelAccessor world) {
+		return getInstanceWorld(world).getEffects();
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -119,7 +125,7 @@ public class InstancedRenderDispatcher {
 			InstanceWorld instanceWorld = instanceWorlds.get(Minecraft.getInstance().level);
 
 			debug.add("Update limiting: " + FlwCommands.boolToText(FlwConfig.get().limitUpdates()).getString());
-			debug.add("B: " + instanceWorld.blockEntityInstanceManager.getObjectCount() + ", E: " + instanceWorld.entityInstanceManager.getObjectCount());
+			debug.add("B: " + instanceWorld.blockEntities.getObjectCount() + ", E: " + instanceWorld.entities.getObjectCount());
 			instanceWorld.engine.addDebugInfo(debug);
 		} else {
 			debug.add("Disabled");

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/One2OneStorage.java

@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
+
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.InstancerManager;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.DynamicInstance;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.TickableInstance;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.light.LightUpdater;
+
+import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.objects.Object2ObjectOpenHashMap;
+
+public abstract class One2OneStorage<T> implements Storage<T> {
+	private final Map<T, AbstractInstance> instances;
+	private final Object2ObjectOpenHashMap<T, TickableInstance> tickableInstances;
+	private final Object2ObjectOpenHashMap<T, DynamicInstance> dynamicInstances;
+	protected final InstancerManager instancerManager;
+
+	public One2OneStorage(InstancerManager instancerManager) {
+		this.instancerManager = instancerManager;
+		this.instances = new HashMap<>();
+
+		this.dynamicInstances = new Object2ObjectOpenHashMap<>();
+		this.tickableInstances = new Object2ObjectOpenHashMap<>();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int getObjectCount() {
+		return instances.size();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Iterable<AbstractInstance> allInstances() {
+		return instances.values();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public List<TickableInstance> getInstancesForTicking() {
+		return new ArrayList<>(tickableInstances.values());
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public List<DynamicInstance> getInstancesForUpdate() {
+		return new ArrayList<>(dynamicInstances.values());
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void invalidate() {
+		instances.values().forEach(AbstractInstance::remove);
+		instances.clear();
+		dynamicInstances.clear();
+		tickableInstances.clear();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void add(T obj) {
+		AbstractInstance instance = instances.get(obj);
+
+		if (instance == null) {
+			create(obj);
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void remove(T obj) {
+		var instance = instances.remove(obj);
+
+		if (instance == null) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		instance.remove();
+		dynamicInstances.remove(obj);
+		tickableInstances.remove(obj);
+		LightUpdater.get(instance.level)
+				.removeListener(instance);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void update(T obj) {
+		AbstractInstance instance = instances.get(obj);
+
+		if (instance == null) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// resetting instances is by default used to handle block state changes.
+		if (instance.shouldReset()) {
+			// delete and re-create the instance.
+			// resetting an instance supersedes updating it.
+			remove(obj);
+			create(obj);
+		} else {
+			instance.update();
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void recreateAll() {
+		dynamicInstances.clear();
+		tickableInstances.clear();
+		instances.replaceAll((obj, instance) -> {
+			instance.remove();
+
+			AbstractInstance out = createRaw(obj);
+
+			if (out != null) {
+				setup(obj, out);
+			}
+
+			return out;
+		});
+	}
+
+	private void create(T obj) {
+		AbstractInstance renderer = createRaw(obj);
+
+		if (renderer != null) {
+			setup(obj, renderer);
+			instances.put(obj, renderer);
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	@Nullable
+	protected abstract AbstractInstance createRaw(T obj);
+
+	private void setup(T obj, AbstractInstance renderer) {
+		renderer.init();
+		renderer.updateLight();
+		LightUpdater.get(renderer.level)
+				.addListener(renderer);
+		if (renderer instanceof TickableInstance r) {
+			tickableInstances.put(obj, r);
+			r.tick();
+		}
+
+		if (renderer instanceof DynamicInstance r) {
+			dynamicInstances.put(obj, r);
+			r.beginFrame();
+		}
+	}
+}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/Storage.java

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.DynamicInstance;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.TickableInstance;
+
+public interface Storage<T> {
+	int getObjectCount();
+
+	Iterable<AbstractInstance> allInstances();
+
+	List<TickableInstance> getInstancesForTicking();
+
+	List<DynamicInstance> getInstancesForUpdate();
+
+	void invalidate();
+
+	void add(T obj);
+
+	void remove(T obj);
+
+	void update(T obj);
+
+	void recreateAll();
+}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/batching/BatchingEngine.java

@@ -8,9 +8,7 @@ import java.util.Map;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.InstancedPart;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.struct.StructType;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.OptifineHandler;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.BatchDrawingTracker;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.Engine;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.TaskEngine;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.*;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.RenderContext;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.FlwUtil;
 import com.mojang.blaze3d.platform.Lighting;
@@ -112,6 +110,11 @@ public class BatchingEngine implements Engine {
 		submitTasks(stack, taskEngine);
 	}
 
+	@Override
+	public void attachManagers(InstanceManager<?>... listener) {
+		// noop
+	}
+
 	@Override
 	public void addDebugInfo(List<String> info) {
 		info.add("Batching");

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/blockentity/BlockEntityInstanceManager.java

@@ -5,8 +5,10 @@ import java.util.List;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.InstancerManager;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.Backend;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.AbstractInstance;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.InstanceManager;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.InstancedRenderRegistry;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.InstanceManager;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.One2OneStorage;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.Storage;
 
 import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.longs.Long2ObjectMap;
 import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.longs.Long2ObjectOpenHashMap;
@@ -17,51 +19,43 @@ import net.minecraft.world.level.block.entity.BlockEntity;
 
 public class BlockEntityInstanceManager extends InstanceManager<BlockEntity> {
 
-	private final Long2ObjectMap<BlockEntityInstance<?>> posLookup = new Long2ObjectOpenHashMap<>();
+	private final BlockEntityStorage storage;
 
 	public BlockEntityInstanceManager(InstancerManager instancerManager) {
-		super(instancerManager);
+		storage = new BlockEntityStorage(instancerManager);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Storage<BlockEntity> getStorage() {
+		return storage;
 	}
 
 	public void getCrumblingInstances(long pos, List<BlockEntityInstance<?>> data) {
-		BlockEntityInstance<?> instance = posLookup.get(pos);
+		BlockEntityInstance<?> instance = storage.posLookup.get(pos);
 		if (instance != null) {
 			data.add(instance);
 		}
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	protected boolean canInstance(BlockEntity obj) {
-		return obj != null && InstancedRenderRegistry.canInstance(obj.getType());
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	protected AbstractInstance createRaw(BlockEntity obj) {
-		var instance = InstancedRenderRegistry.createInstance(instancerManager, obj);
-
-		if (instance != null) {
-			BlockPos blockPos = obj.getBlockPos();
-			posLookup.put(blockPos.asLong(), instance);
+	protected boolean canCreateInstance(BlockEntity blockEntity) {
+		if (blockEntity.isRemoved()) {
+			return false;
 		}
 
-		return instance;
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	protected void removeInternal(BlockEntity obj, AbstractInstance instance) {
-		super.removeInternal(obj, instance);
-		posLookup.remove(obj.getBlockPos().asLong());
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	protected boolean canCreateInstance(BlockEntity blockEntity) {
-		if (blockEntity.isRemoved()) return false;
+		if (!InstancedRenderRegistry.canInstance(blockEntity.getType())) {
+			return false;
+		}
 
 		Level world = blockEntity.getLevel();
 
-		if (world == null) return false;
+		if (world == null) {
+			return false;
+		}
 
-		if (world.isEmptyBlock(blockEntity.getBlockPos())) return false;
+		if (world.isEmptyBlock(blockEntity.getBlockPos())) {
+			return false;
+		}
 
 		if (Backend.isFlywheelWorld(world)) {
 			BlockPos pos = blockEntity.getBlockPos();
@@ -73,4 +67,32 @@ public class BlockEntityInstanceManager extends InstanceManager<BlockEntity> {
 
 		return false;
 	}
+
+	public static class BlockEntityStorage extends One2OneStorage<BlockEntity> {
+
+		final Long2ObjectMap<BlockEntityInstance<?>> posLookup = new Long2ObjectOpenHashMap<>();
+
+
+		public BlockEntityStorage(InstancerManager manager) {
+			super(manager);
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		protected AbstractInstance createRaw(BlockEntity obj) {
+			var instance = InstancedRenderRegistry.createInstance(instancerManager, obj);
+
+			if (instance != null) {
+				BlockPos blockPos = obj.getBlockPos();
+				posLookup.put(blockPos.asLong(), instance);
+			}
+
+			return instance;
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public void remove(BlockEntity obj) {
+			super.remove(obj);
+			posLookup.remove(obj.getBlockPos().asLong());
+		}
+	}
 }

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/effect/Effect.java

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.effect;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.InstancerManager;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.AbstractInstance;
+
+public interface Effect {
+
+	Collection<? extends AbstractInstance> createInstances(InstancerManager instancerManager);
+}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/effect/EffectInstanceManager.java

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.effect;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.HashMultimap;
+import com.google.common.collect.Multimap;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.InstancerManager;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.DynamicInstance;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.TickableInstance;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.AbstractInstance;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.InstanceManager;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.Storage;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.light.LightUpdater;
+
+public class EffectInstanceManager extends InstanceManager<Effect> {
+
+	private final EffectStorage<Effect> storage;
+
+	public EffectInstanceManager(InstancerManager instancerManager) {
+		storage = new EffectStorage<>(instancerManager);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Storage<Effect> getStorage() {
+		return storage;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected boolean canCreateInstance(Effect obj) {
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	public static class EffectStorage<T extends Effect> implements Storage<T> {
+
+		private final Multimap<T, AbstractInstance> instances;
+		private final Set<DynamicInstance> dynamicInstances;
+		private final Set<TickableInstance> tickableInstances;
+		private final InstancerManager manager;
+
+		public EffectStorage(InstancerManager manager) {
+			this.instances = HashMultimap.create();
+			this.dynamicInstances = new HashSet<>();
+			this.tickableInstances = new HashSet<>();
+			this.manager = manager;
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public int getObjectCount() {
+			return instances.size();
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public Iterable<AbstractInstance> allInstances() {
+			return instances.values();
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public List<TickableInstance> getInstancesForTicking() {
+			return new ArrayList<>(tickableInstances);
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public List<DynamicInstance> getInstancesForUpdate() {
+			return new ArrayList<>(dynamicInstances);
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public void invalidate() {
+			instances.values().forEach(AbstractInstance::remove);
+			instances.clear();
+			tickableInstances.clear();
+			dynamicInstances.clear();
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public void add(T obj) {
+			var instances = this.instances.get(obj);
+
+			if (instances.isEmpty()) {
+				create(obj);
+			}
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public void remove(T obj) {
+			var instances = this.instances.removeAll(obj);
+
+			if (instances.isEmpty()) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			this.tickableInstances.removeAll(instances);
+			this.dynamicInstances.removeAll(instances);
+			for (AbstractInstance instance : instances) {
+				LightUpdater.get(instance.level)
+						.removeListener(instance);
+			}
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public void update(T obj) {
+			var instances = this.instances.get(obj);
+
+			if (instances.isEmpty()) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			instances.forEach(AbstractInstance::update);
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public void recreateAll() {
+			this.dynamicInstances.clear();
+			this.tickableInstances.clear();
+			this.instances.asMap()
+					.forEach((obj, instances) -> {
+						instances.forEach(AbstractInstance::remove);
+						instances.clear();
+
+						var newInstances = obj.createInstances(manager);
+
+						newInstances.forEach(this::setup);
+
+						instances.addAll(newInstances);
+					});
+		}
+
+		private void create(T obj) {
+			var instances = obj.createInstances(manager);
+
+			this.instances.putAll(obj, instances);
+
+			instances.forEach(this::setup);
+		}
+
+		private void setup(AbstractInstance renderer) {
+			renderer.init();
+			renderer.updateLight();
+			LightUpdater.get(renderer.level)
+					.addListener(renderer);
+			if (renderer instanceof TickableInstance r) {
+				tickableInstances.add(r);
+				r.tick();
+			}
+
+			if (renderer instanceof DynamicInstance r) {
+				dynamicInstances.add(r);
+				r.beginFrame();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/effect/package-info.java

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+@ParametersAreNonnullByDefault @MethodsReturnNonnullByDefault
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.effect;
+
+import javax.annotation.ParametersAreNonnullByDefault;
+
+import net.minecraft.MethodsReturnNonnullByDefault;

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/entity/EntityInstanceManager.java

@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.entity;
 
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
+
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.InstancerManager;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.Backend;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.AbstractInstance;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.InstanceManager;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.InstancedRenderRegistry;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.InstanceManager;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.One2OneStorage;
 
 import net.minecraft.core.BlockPos;
 import net.minecraft.world.entity.Entity;
@@ -13,23 +16,31 @@ import net.minecraft.world.level.Level;
 
 public class EntityInstanceManager extends InstanceManager<Entity> {
 
+	private final One2OneStorage<Entity> storage;
+
 	public EntityInstanceManager(InstancerManager instancerManager) {
-		super(instancerManager);
+		storage = new One2OneStorage<>(instancerManager) {
+			@Override
+			protected @Nullable AbstractInstance createRaw(Entity obj) {
+				return InstancedRenderRegistry.createInstance(this.instancerManager, obj);
+			}
+		};
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	protected boolean canInstance(Entity obj) {
-		return obj != null && InstancedRenderRegistry.canInstance(obj.getType());
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	protected AbstractInstance createRaw(Entity obj) {
-		return InstancedRenderRegistry.createInstance(instancerManager, obj);
+	public One2OneStorage<Entity> getStorage() {
+		return storage;
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	protected boolean canCreateInstance(Entity entity) {
-		if (!entity.isAlive()) return false;
+		if (!entity.isAlive()) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		if (!InstancedRenderRegistry.canInstance(entity.getType())) {
+			return false;
+		}
 
 		Level world = entity.level;
 

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/instancing/InstancingEngine.java

@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexType;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.GlVertexArray;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.GlBuffer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.GlBufferType;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.Engine;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.InstanceManager;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.Engine;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.InstancedRenderDispatcher;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.TaskEngine;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.blockentity.BlockEntityInstance;
@@ -202,8 +202,9 @@ public class InstancingEngine<P extends WorldProgram> implements Engine {
 		return originCoordinate;
 	}
 
-	public void attachManager(InstanceManager<?> listener) {
-		instanceManagers.add(listener);
+	@Override
+	public void attachManagers(InstanceManager<?>... listener) {
+		instanceManagers.addAll(List.of(listener));
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -350,7 +351,7 @@ public class InstancingEngine<P extends WorldProgram> implements Engine {
 		}
 
 		if (!(InstancedRenderDispatcher.getInstanceWorld(level)
-				.getBlockEntityInstanceManager() instanceof BlockEntityInstanceManager beim)) {
+				.getBlockEntities() instanceof BlockEntityInstanceManager beim)) {
 			return Int2ObjectMaps.emptyMap();
 		}
 

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/crumbling/CrumblingRenderer.java

@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ public class CrumblingRenderer {
 		private State() {
 			instancerManager = new CrumblingEngine();
 			instanceManager = new CrumblingInstanceManager(instancerManager);
-			instancerManager.attachManager(instanceManager);
+			instancerManager.attachManagers(instanceManager);
 		}
 
 		private void kill() {

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/source/ShaderField.java

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.source.parse.AbstractShaderElement;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.source.span.Span;
 
 public class ShaderField extends AbstractShaderElement {
-	public static final Pattern PATTERN = Pattern.compile("layout\\s+\\(location\\s+=\\s+(\\d+)\\)\\s+(in|out)\\s+([\\w\\d]+)\\s+" + "([\\w\\d]+)");
+	public static final Pattern PATTERN = Pattern.compile("layout\\s*\\(location\\s*=\\s*(\\d+)\\)\\s+(in|out)\\s+([\\w\\d]+)\\s+" + "([\\w\\d]+)");
 
 	public final Span location;
 	public final @Nullable Decoration decoration;

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/mixin/LevelRendererInstanceUpdateMixin.java

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.InstancedRenderDispatcher;
 import net.minecraft.client.multiplayer.ClientLevel;
 import net.minecraft.client.renderer.LevelRenderer;
 import net.minecraft.core.BlockPos;
+import net.minecraft.world.level.block.entity.BlockEntity;
 import net.minecraft.world.level.block.state.BlockState;
 
 @Mixin(LevelRenderer.class)
@@ -24,9 +25,16 @@ public class LevelRendererInstanceUpdateMixin {
 	 */
 	@Inject(at = @At("TAIL"), method = "setBlockDirty(Lnet/minecraft/core/BlockPos;Lnet/minecraft/world/level/block/state/BlockState;Lnet/minecraft/world/level/block/state/BlockState;)V")
 	private void checkUpdate(BlockPos pos, BlockState lastState, BlockState newState, CallbackInfo ci) {
-		if (Backend.isOn()) {
-			InstancedRenderDispatcher.getBlockEntities(level)
-					.update(level.getBlockEntity(pos));
+		if (!Backend.isOn()) {
+			return;
 		}
+		BlockEntity blockEntity = level.getBlockEntity(pos);
+
+		if (blockEntity == null) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		InstancedRenderDispatcher.getBlockEntities(level)
+				.update(blockEntity);
 	}
 }

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/vanilla/effect/ExampleEffect.java

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.vanilla.effect;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.InstancerManager;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.DynamicInstance;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.AbstractInstance;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.InstancedRenderDispatcher;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.effect.Effect;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.Models;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.StructTypes;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.model.TransformedPart;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.box.GridAlignedBB;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.box.ImmutableBox;
+
+import net.minecraft.core.BlockPos;
+import net.minecraft.world.entity.player.Player;
+import net.minecraft.world.level.Level;
+import net.minecraft.world.level.block.Blocks;
+import net.minecraft.world.phys.Vec3;
+import net.minecraftforge.event.TickEvent;
+import net.minecraftforge.fml.LogicalSide;
+
+public class ExampleEffect implements Effect {
+
+	private static final int INSTANCE_COUNT = 50;
+
+	private final Level level;
+	private final Vec3 targetPoint;
+	private final BlockPos blockPos;
+	private final ImmutableBox volume;
+
+	private final List<Instance> effects;
+
+	public ExampleEffect(Level level, Vec3 targetPoint) {
+		this.level = level;
+		this.targetPoint = targetPoint;
+		this.blockPos = new BlockPos(targetPoint);
+		this.effects = new ArrayList<>();
+		this.volume = GridAlignedBB.from(this.blockPos);
+	}
+
+	public static void spawn(TickEvent.PlayerTickEvent event) {
+		if (event.side == LogicalSide.SERVER || event.phase == TickEvent.Phase.START) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		Player player = event.player;
+		Level level = player.level;
+
+		if (level.random.nextFloat() > 0.01) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		var effects = InstancedRenderDispatcher.getEffects(level);
+
+		effects.add(new ExampleEffect(level, player.position()));
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Collection<? extends AbstractInstance> createInstances(InstancerManager instancerManager) {
+		effects.clear();
+		for (int i = 0; i < INSTANCE_COUNT; i++) {
+			effects.add(new Instance(instancerManager, level));
+		}
+		return effects;
+	}
+
+	public class Instance extends AbstractInstance implements DynamicInstance {
+
+		TransformedPart firefly;
+
+		public Instance(InstancerManager instancerManager, Level level) {
+			super(instancerManager, level);
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public void init() {
+			firefly = instancerManager.factory(StructTypes.TRANSFORMED)
+					.model(Models.block(Blocks.SHROOMLIGHT.defaultBlockState()))
+					.createInstance();
+
+			firefly.setBlockLight(15)
+					.setSkyLight(15);
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public BlockPos getWorldPosition() {
+			return blockPos;
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public void remove() {
+			firefly.delete();
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public ImmutableBox getVolume() {
+			return volume;
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public void beginFrame() {
+			var x = level.random.nextFloat() * 3 - 1.5;
+			var y = level.random.nextFloat() * 3 - 1.5;
+			var z = level.random.nextFloat() * 3 - 1.5;
+
+			firefly.loadIdentity()
+					.translate(instancerManager.getOriginCoordinate())
+					.translate(targetPoint)
+					.translate(x, y, z)
+					.scale(1 / 16f);
+		}
+	}
+}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/vanilla/effect/package-info.java

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+@ParametersAreNonnullByDefault @MethodsReturnNonnullByDefault
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.vanilla.effect;
+
+import javax.annotation.ParametersAreNonnullByDefault;
+
+import net.minecraft.MethodsReturnNonnullByDefault;

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/vanilla/package-info.java

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+@ParametersAreNonnullByDefault @MethodsReturnNonnullByDefault
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.vanilla;
+
+import javax.annotation.ParametersAreNonnullByDefault;
+
+import net.minecraft.MethodsReturnNonnullByDefault;

src/main/resources/assets/flywheel/flywheel/instance/oriented.vert

@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 #use "flywheel:util/light.glsl"
 #use "flywheel:util/quaternion.glsl"
 
-layout (location = 0) in vec2 oriented_light;
-layout (location = 1) in vec4 oriented_color;
-layout (location = 2) in vec3 oriented_pos;
-layout (location = 3) in vec3 oriented_pivot;
-layout (location = 4) in vec4 oriented_rotation;
+layout(location = 0) in vec2 oriented_light;
+layout(location = 1) in vec4 oriented_color;
+layout(location = 2) in vec3 oriented_pos;
+layout(location = 3) in vec3 oriented_pivot;
+layout(location = 4) in vec4 oriented_rotation;
 
 void flw_instanceVertex() {
     flw_vertexPos = vec4(rotateVertexByQuat(flw_vertexPos.xyz - oriented_pivot, oriented_rotation) + oriented_pivot + oriented_pos, 1.0);

src/main/resources/assets/flywheel/flywheel/instance/transformed.vert

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 #use "flywheel:api/vertex.glsl"
 #use "flywheel:util/light.glsl"
 
-layout (location = 0) in vec2 transformed_light;
-layout (location = 1) in vec4 transformed_color;
-layout (location = 2) in mat4 transformed_pose;
-layout (location = 6) in mat3 transformed_normal;
+layout(location = 0) in vec2 transformed_light;
+layout(location = 1) in vec4 transformed_color;
+layout(location = 2) in mat4 transformed_pose;
+layout(location = 6) in mat3 transformed_normal;
 
 void flw_instanceVertex() {
     flw_vertexPos = transformed_pose * flw_vertexPos;