Store bought engines

- Add InstancerStorage so engines can share common code.
- Instanced and Indirect DrawManagers extend InstancerStorage, while
  BatchingEngine keeps an anonymous class for it.
- AbstractEngine now has a InstancerStorage getter and does some
  delegation so the implementations don't have to.
- InstancedInstancer directly stores the list of DrawCalls it belongs
  to.
- InstancingEngine no longer accepts a context parameter.
- Make the /flywheel backend command default to the flywheel nampspace.

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/Backends.java

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.engine.indirect.IndirectEngine;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.engine.instancing.InstancingEngine;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.gl.GlCompat;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.lib.backend.SimpleBackend;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.lib.context.Contexts;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.lib.util.ShadersModHandler;
 
 import net.minecraft.ChatFormatting;
@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@ public class Backends {
 	public static final Backend INSTANCING = SimpleBackend.builder()
 			.engineMessage(Component.literal("Using Instancing Engine")
 					.withStyle(ChatFormatting.GREEN))
-			.engineFactory(level -> new InstancingEngine(256, Contexts.WORLD))
+			.engineFactory(level -> new InstancingEngine(256))
 			.fallback(() -> Backends.BATCHING)
 			.supported(() -> !ShadersModHandler.isShaderPackInUse() && GlCompat.supportsInstancing() && InstancingPrograms.allLoaded())
 			.register(Flywheel.rl("instancing"));

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/engine/AbstractEngine.java

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.engine;
 
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.backend.Engine;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.event.RenderStage;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.Instance;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.InstanceType;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.Instancer;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.model.Model;
 
 import net.minecraft.client.Camera;
 import net.minecraft.core.BlockPos;
@@ -15,6 +20,11 @@ public abstract class AbstractEngine implements Engine {
 		sqrMaxOriginDistance = maxOriginDistance * maxOriginDistance;
 	}
 
+	@Override
+	public <I extends Instance> Instancer<I> instancer(InstanceType<I> type, Model model, RenderStage stage) {
+		return getStorage().getInstancer(type, model, stage);
+	}
+
 	@Override
 	public boolean updateRenderOrigin(Camera camera) {
 		Vec3 cameraPos = camera.getPosition();
@@ -28,7 +38,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractEngine implements Engine {
 		}
 
 		renderOrigin = BlockPos.containing(cameraPos);
-		onRenderOriginChanged();
+		getStorage().onRenderOriginChanged();
 		return true;
 	}
 
@@ -37,6 +47,5 @@ public abstract class AbstractEngine implements Engine {
 		return renderOrigin;
 	}
 
-	protected void onRenderOriginChanged() {
+	protected abstract InstancerStorage<? extends AbstractInstancer<?>> getStorage();
-	}
 }

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/engine/AbstractInstancer.java

@@ -108,4 +108,8 @@ public abstract class AbstractInstancer<I extends Instance> implements Instancer
 	public String toString() {
 		return "AbstractInstancer[" + getInstanceCount() + ']';
 	}
+
+	public void delete() {
+
+	}
 }

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/engine/InstancerStorage.java

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.engine;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.event.RenderStage;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.Instance;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.InstanceType;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.Instancer;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.model.Model;
+
+public abstract class InstancerStorage<N extends AbstractInstancer<?>> {
+	/**
+	 * A map of instancer keys to instancers.
+	 * <br>
+	 * This map is populated as instancers are requested and contains both initialized and uninitialized instancers.
+	 * Write access to this map must be synchronized on {@link #creationLock}.
+	 * <br>
+	 * See {@link #getInstancer} for insertion details.
+	 */
+	private final Map<InstancerKey<?>, N> instancers = new HashMap<>();
+	/**
+	 * A list of instancers that have not yet been initialized.
+	 * <br>
+	 * All new instancers land here before having resources allocated in {@link #flush}.
+	 * Write access to this list must be synchronized on {@link #creationLock}.
+	 */
+	private final List<UninitializedInstancer<N, ?>> uninitializedInstancers = new ArrayList<>();
+	/**
+	 * Mutex for {@link #instancers} and {@link #uninitializedInstancers}.
+	 */
+	private final Object creationLock = new Object();
+
+
+	/**
+	 * A list of initialized instancers.
+	 * <br>
+	 * These are instancers that may need to be cleared or deleted.
+	 */
+	private final List<N> initializedInstancers = new ArrayList<>();
+
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public <I extends Instance> Instancer<I> getInstancer(InstanceType<I> type, Model model, RenderStage stage) {
+		InstancerKey<I> key = new InstancerKey<>(type, model, stage);
+
+		N instancer = instancers.get(key);
+		// Happy path: instancer is already initialized.
+		if (instancer != null) {
+			return (Instancer<I>) instancer;
+		}
+
+		// Unhappy path: instancer is not initialized, need to sync to make sure we don't create duplicates.
+		synchronized (creationLock) {
+			// Someone else might have initialized it while we were waiting for the lock.
+			instancer = instancers.get(key);
+			if (instancer != null) {
+				return (Instancer<I>) instancer;
+			}
+
+			// Create a new instancer and add it to the uninitialized list.
+			instancer = create(type);
+			instancers.put(key, instancer);
+			uninitializedInstancers.add(new UninitializedInstancer<>(key, instancer, model, stage));
+			return (Instancer<I>) instancer;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public void invalidate() {
+		instancers.clear();
+		uninitializedInstancers.clear();
+
+		initializedInstancers.forEach(AbstractInstancer::delete);
+		initializedInstancers.clear();
+	}
+
+	public void flush() {
+		for (var instancer : uninitializedInstancers) {
+			add(instancer.key(), instancer.instancer(), instancer.model(), instancer.stage());
+			initializedInstancers.add(instancer.instancer());
+		}
+		uninitializedInstancers.clear();
+	}
+
+	public void onRenderOriginChanged() {
+		initializedInstancers.forEach(AbstractInstancer::clear);
+	}
+
+	protected abstract <I extends Instance> N create(InstanceType<I> type);
+
+	protected abstract <I extends Instance> void add(InstancerKey<I> key, N instancer, Model model, RenderStage stage);
+
+	private record UninitializedInstancer<N, I extends Instance>(InstancerKey<I> key, N instancer, Model model, RenderStage stage) {
+	}
+}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/engine/batching/BatchingEngine.java

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.engine.batching;
 
-import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.EnumMap;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
@@ -10,13 +9,14 @@ import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.event.RenderContext;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.event.RenderStage;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.Instance;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.InstanceType;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.Instancer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.model.Mesh;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.model.Model;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.task.Plan;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.task.TaskExecutor;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.engine.AbstractEngine;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.engine.AbstractInstancer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.engine.InstancerKey;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.engine.InstancerStorage;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.lib.task.Flag;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.lib.task.NamedFlag;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.lib.task.SimplyComposedPlan;
@@ -27,9 +27,27 @@ import net.minecraft.client.renderer.RenderType;
 
 public class BatchingEngine extends AbstractEngine implements SimplyComposedPlan<RenderContext> {
 	private final BatchedDrawTracker drawTracker = new BatchedDrawTracker();
-	private final Map<InstancerKey<?>, BatchedInstancer<?>> instancers = new HashMap<>();
+
-	private final List<UninitializedInstancer> uninitializedInstancers = new ArrayList<>();
+	// TODO: reintroduce BatchedDrawManager
-	private final List<BatchedInstancer<?>> initializedInstancers = new ArrayList<>();
+	private final InstancerStorage<BatchedInstancer<?>> storage = new InstancerStorage<>() {
+        @Override
+        protected <I extends Instance> BatchedInstancer<?> create(InstanceType<I> type) {
+            return new BatchedInstancer<>(type);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+		protected <I extends Instance> void add(InstancerKey<I> key, BatchedInstancer<?> instancer, Model model, RenderStage stage) {
+            var stagePlan = stagePlans.computeIfAbsent(stage, renderStage -> new BatchedStagePlan(renderStage, drawTracker));
+            var meshes = model.getMeshes();
+            for (var entry : meshes.entrySet()) {
+                var material = entry.getKey();
+                RenderType renderType = material.getFallbackRenderType();
+                var transformCall = new TransformCall<>(instancer, material, alloc(entry.getValue(), renderType.format()));
+                stagePlan.put(renderType, transformCall);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
 	private final Map<RenderStage, BatchedStagePlan> stagePlans = new EnumMap<>(RenderStage.class);
 	private final Map<VertexFormat, BatchedMeshPool> meshPools = new HashMap<>();
 
@@ -39,20 +57,6 @@ public class BatchingEngine extends AbstractEngine implements SimplyComposedPlan
 		super(maxOriginDistance);
 	}
 
-	@Override
-	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
-	public <I extends Instance> Instancer<I> instancer(InstanceType<I> type, Model model, RenderStage stage) {
-		InstancerKey<I> key = new InstancerKey<>(type, model, stage);
-		BatchedInstancer<I> instancer = (BatchedInstancer<I>) instancers.get(key);
-		// FIXME: This needs to be synchronized like InstancingEngine
-		if (instancer == null) {
-			instancer = new BatchedInstancer<>(type);
-			instancers.put(key, instancer);
-			uninitializedInstancers.add(new UninitializedInstancer(instancer, model, stage));
-		}
-		return instancer;
-	}
-
 	@Override
 	public void execute(TaskExecutor taskExecutor, RenderContext context, Runnable onCompletion) {
 		flush();
@@ -100,49 +104,29 @@ public class BatchingEngine extends AbstractEngine implements SimplyComposedPlan
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	protected void onRenderOriginChanged() {
+	protected InstancerStorage<? extends AbstractInstancer<?>> getStorage() {
-		initializedInstancers.forEach(BatchedInstancer::clear);
+		return storage;
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	public void delete() {
-		instancers.clear();
+		storage.invalidate();
 
 		meshPools.values()
 				.forEach(BatchedMeshPool::delete);
 		meshPools.clear();
-
-		initializedInstancers.clear();
 	}
 
 	private void flush() {
-		for (var instancer : uninitializedInstancers) {
+		storage.flush();
-			add(instancer.instancer(), instancer.model(), instancer.stage());
-		}
-		uninitializedInstancers.clear();
 
 		for (var pool : meshPools.values()) {
 			pool.flush();
 		}
 	}
 
-	private void add(BatchedInstancer<?> instancer, Model model, RenderStage stage) {
-		var stagePlan = stagePlans.computeIfAbsent(stage, renderStage -> new BatchedStagePlan(renderStage, drawTracker));
-		var meshes = model.getMeshes();
-		for (var entry : meshes.entrySet()) {
-			var material = entry.getKey();
-			RenderType renderType = material.getFallbackRenderType();
-			var transformCall = new TransformCall<>(instancer, material, alloc(entry.getValue(), renderType.format()));
-			stagePlan.put(renderType, transformCall);
-		}
-		initializedInstancers.add(instancer);
-	}
-
 	private BatchedMeshPool.BufferedMesh alloc(Mesh mesh, VertexFormat format) {
 		return meshPools.computeIfAbsent(format, BatchedMeshPool::new)
 				.alloc(mesh);
 	}
-
-	private record UninitializedInstancer(BatchedInstancer<?> instancer, Model model, RenderStage stage) {
-	}
 }

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/engine/indirect/IndirectDrawManager.java

@@ -1,43 +1,22 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.engine.indirect;
 
-import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.HashMap;
-import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.event.RenderStage;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.Instance;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.InstanceType;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.Instancer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.model.Model;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexType;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.engine.InstancerKey;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.engine.InstancerStorage;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.lib.util.Pair;
 
-public class IndirectDrawManager {
+public class IndirectDrawManager extends InstancerStorage<IndirectInstancer<?>> {
-	private final Map<InstancerKey<?>, IndirectInstancer<?>> instancers = new HashMap<>();
-	private final List<UninitializedInstancer> uninitializedInstancers = new ArrayList<>();
-	private final List<IndirectInstancer<?>> initializedInstancers = new ArrayList<>();
 	public final Map<Pair<InstanceType<?>, VertexType>, IndirectCullingGroup<?>> renderLists = new HashMap<>();
 
-	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
-	public <I extends Instance> Instancer<I> getInstancer(InstanceType<I> type, Model model, RenderStage stage) {
-		InstancerKey<I> key = new InstancerKey<>(type, model, stage);
-		// FIXME: This needs to be synchronized like InstancingEngine
-		IndirectInstancer<I> instancer = (IndirectInstancer<I>) instancers.get(key);
-		if (instancer == null) {
-			instancer = new IndirectInstancer<>(type);
-			instancers.put(key, instancer);
-			uninitializedInstancers.add(new UninitializedInstancer(instancer, model, stage));
-		}
-		return instancer;
-	}
-
 	public void flush() {
-		for (var instancer : uninitializedInstancers) {
+		super.flush();
-			add(instancer.instancer(), instancer.model(), instancer.stage());
-		}
-		uninitializedInstancers.clear();
 
 		for (IndirectCullingGroup<?> value : renderLists.values()) {
 			value.beginFrame();
@@ -45,33 +24,11 @@ public class IndirectDrawManager {
 	}
 
 	public void invalidate() {
-		instancers.clear();
+		super.invalidate();
 
 		renderLists.values()
 				.forEach(IndirectCullingGroup::delete);
 		renderLists.clear();
-
-		initializedInstancers.clear();
-	}
-
-	public void clearInstancers() {
-		initializedInstancers.forEach(IndirectInstancer::clear);
-	}
-
-	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
-	private <I extends Instance> void add(IndirectInstancer<I> instancer, Model model, RenderStage stage) {
-		var meshes = model.getMeshes();
-		for (var entry : meshes.entrySet()) {
-			var material = entry.getKey();
-			var mesh = entry.getValue();
-
-			var indirectList = (IndirectCullingGroup<I>) renderLists.computeIfAbsent(Pair.of(instancer.type, mesh.vertexType()), p -> new IndirectCullingGroup<>(p.first(), p.second()));
-
-			indirectList.add(instancer, stage, material, mesh);
-
-			break; // TODO: support multiple meshes per model
-		}
-		initializedInstancers.add(instancer);
 	}
 
 	public boolean hasStage(RenderStage stage) {
@@ -83,6 +40,23 @@ public class IndirectDrawManager {
 		return false;
 	}
 
-	private record UninitializedInstancer(IndirectInstancer<?> instancer, Model model, RenderStage stage) {
+	@Override
+	protected <I extends Instance> IndirectInstancer<?> create(InstanceType<I> type) {
+		return new IndirectInstancer<>(type);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected <I extends Instance> void add(InstancerKey<I> key, IndirectInstancer<?> instancer, Model model, RenderStage stage) {
+		var meshes = model.getMeshes();
+		for (var entry : meshes.entrySet()) {
+			var material = entry.getKey();
+			var mesh = entry.getValue();
+
+			var indirectList = (IndirectCullingGroup<I>) renderLists.computeIfAbsent(Pair.of(key.type(), mesh.vertexType()), p -> new IndirectCullingGroup<>(p.first(), p.second()));
+
+			indirectList.add((IndirectInstancer<I>) instancer, stage, material, mesh);
+
+			break; // TODO: support multiple meshes per model
+		}
 	}
 }

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/engine/indirect/IndirectEngine.java

@@ -7,17 +7,15 @@ import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL32;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.event.RenderContext;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.event.RenderStage;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.Instance;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.InstanceType;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.Instancer;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.model.Model;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.task.Plan;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.task.TaskExecutor;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.engine.AbstractEngine;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.engine.AbstractInstancer;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.engine.InstancerStorage;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.gl.GlStateTracker;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.gl.GlTextureUnit;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.lib.task.Flag;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.lib.task.NamedFlag;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.lib.task.RaisePlan;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.lib.task.SyncedPlan;
 import com.mojang.blaze3d.systems.RenderSystem;
 
@@ -31,27 +29,28 @@ public class IndirectEngine extends AbstractEngine {
 		super(maxOriginDistance);
 	}
 
-	@Override
-	public <I extends Instance> Instancer<I> instancer(InstanceType<I> type, Model model, RenderStage stage) {
-		return drawManager.getInstancer(type, model, stage);
-	}
-
 	@Override
 	public Plan<RenderContext> createFramePlan() {
-		return SyncedPlan.<RenderContext>of(this::flushDrawManager)
+		return SyncedPlan.of(this::flushDrawManager);
-				.then(RaisePlan.raise(flushFlag));
 	}
 
 	private void flushDrawManager() {
 		try (var state = GlStateTracker.getRestoreState()) {
 			drawManager.flush();
 		}
+		flushFlag.raise();
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	public void renderStage(TaskExecutor executor, RenderContext context, RenderStage stage) {
-		if (drawManager.hasStage(stage)) {
 		executor.syncUntil(flushFlag::isRaised);
+		if (stage.isLast()) {
+			flushFlag.lower();
+		}
+
+        if (!drawManager.hasStage(stage)) {
+            return;
+        }
 
         try (var restoreState = GlStateTracker.getRestoreState()) {
             setup();
@@ -62,14 +61,6 @@ public class IndirectEngine extends AbstractEngine {
         }
     }
 
-		if (stage.isLast()) {
-			// Need to sync here to ensure this frame has everything executed
-			// in case we didn't have any stages to draw this frame.
-			executor.syncUntil(flushFlag::isRaised);
-			flushFlag.lower();
-		}
-	}
-
 	@Override
 	public void renderCrumblingInstances(TaskExecutor executor, RenderContext context, List<Instance> instances, int progress) {
 		// TODO: implement
@@ -87,8 +78,8 @@ public class IndirectEngine extends AbstractEngine {
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	protected void onRenderOriginChanged() {
+	protected InstancerStorage<? extends AbstractInstancer<?>> getStorage() {
-		drawManager.clearInstancers();
+		return drawManager;
 	}
 
 	@Override

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/engine/instancing/InstancedDrawManager.java

@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.engine.instancing;
 
-import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.EnumMap;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.Iterator;
-import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
@@ -16,40 +14,14 @@ import com.google.common.collect.ListMultimap;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.event.RenderStage;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.Instance;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.InstanceType;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.Instancer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.model.Mesh;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.model.Model;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexType;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.engine.InstancerKey;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.engine.InstancerStorage;
 
-public class InstancedDrawManager {
+public class InstancedDrawManager extends InstancerStorage<InstancedInstancer<?>> {
-	/**
-	 * A map of instancer keys to instancers.
-	 * <br>
-	 * This map is populated as instancers are requested and contains both initialized and uninitialized instancers.
-	 * Write access to this map must be synchronized on {@link #creationLock}.
-	 * <br>
-	 * See {@link #getInstancer} for insertion details.
-	 */
-	private final Map<InstancerKey<?>, InstancedInstancer<?>> instancers = new HashMap<>();
-	/**
-	 * A list of instancers that have not yet been initialized.
-	 * <br>
-	 * All new instancers land here before having resources allocated in {@link #flush}.
-	 * Write access to this list must be synchronized on {@link #creationLock}.
-	 */
-	private final List<UninitializedInstancer> uninitializedInstancers = new ArrayList<>();
-	/**
-	 * Mutex for {@link #instancers} and {@link #uninitializedInstancers}.
-	 */
-	private final Object creationLock = new Object();
 
-	/**
-	 * A map of initialized instancers to their draw calls.
-	 * <br>
-	 * This map is populated in {@link #flush} and contains only initialized instancers.
-	 */
-	private final Map<InstancedInstancer<?>, List<DrawCall>> initializedInstancers = new HashMap<>();
 	/**
 	 * The set of draw calls to make in each {@link RenderStage}.
 	 */
@@ -64,37 +36,8 @@ public class InstancedDrawManager {
 		return drawSets.getOrDefault(stage, DrawSet.EMPTY);
 	}
 
-	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
-	public <I extends Instance> Instancer<I> getInstancer(InstanceType<I> type, Model model, RenderStage stage) {
-		InstancerKey<I> key = new InstancerKey<>(type, model, stage);
-
-		InstancedInstancer<I> instancer = (InstancedInstancer<I>) instancers.get(key);
-		// Happy path: instancer is already initialized.
-        if (instancer != null) {
-            return instancer;
-        }
-
-		// Unhappy path: instancer is not initialized, need to sync to make sure we don't create duplicates.
-        synchronized (creationLock) {
-			// Someone else might have initialized it while we were waiting for the lock.
-            instancer = (InstancedInstancer<I>) instancers.get(key);
-            if (instancer != null) {
-                return instancer;
-            }
-
-			// Create a new instancer and add it to the uninitialized list.
-            instancer = new InstancedInstancer<>(type);
-            instancers.put(key, instancer);
-            uninitializedInstancers.add(new UninitializedInstancer(instancer, model, stage));
-			return instancer;
-		}
-	}
-
 	public void flush() {
-		for (var instancer : uninitializedInstancers) {
+		super.flush();
-			add(instancer.instancer(), instancer.model(), instancer.stage());
-		}
-		uninitializedInstancers.clear();
 
 		for (var pool : meshPools.values()) {
 			pool.flush();
@@ -102,7 +45,7 @@ public class InstancedDrawManager {
 	}
 
 	public void invalidate() {
-		instancers.clear();
+		super.invalidate();
 
 		meshPools.values()
 				.forEach(InstancedMeshPool::delete);
@@ -112,23 +55,24 @@ public class InstancedDrawManager {
 				.forEach(DrawSet::delete);
 		drawSets.clear();
 
-		initializedInstancers.keySet()
-				.forEach(InstancedInstancer::delete);
-		initializedInstancers.clear();
-
 		eboCache.invalidate();
 	}
 
-	public void clearInstancers() {
+	private InstancedMeshPool.BufferedMesh alloc(Mesh mesh) {
-		initializedInstancers.keySet()
+		return meshPools.computeIfAbsent(mesh.vertexType(), InstancedMeshPool::new)
-				.forEach(InstancedInstancer::clear);
+				.alloc(mesh, eboCache);
 	}
 
-	private void add(InstancedInstancer<?> instancer, Model model, RenderStage stage) {
+	@Override
+	protected <I extends Instance> InstancedInstancer<I> create(InstanceType<I> type) {
+		return new InstancedInstancer<>(type);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected <I extends Instance> void add(InstancerKey<I> key, InstancedInstancer<?> instancer, Model model, RenderStage stage) {
 		instancer.init();
 
 		DrawSet drawSet = drawSets.computeIfAbsent(stage, DrawSet::new);
-		List<DrawCall> drawCalls = new ArrayList<>();
 
 		var meshes = model.getMeshes();
 		for (var entry : meshes.entrySet()) {
@@ -138,18 +82,8 @@ public class InstancedDrawManager {
 			DrawCall drawCall = new DrawCall(instancer, mesh, shaderState);
 
 			drawSet.put(shaderState, drawCall);
-			drawCalls.add(drawCall);
+			instancer.addDrawCall(drawCall);
 		}
-		initializedInstancers.put(instancer, drawCalls);
-	}
-
-	private InstancedMeshPool.BufferedMesh alloc(Mesh mesh) {
-		return meshPools.computeIfAbsent(mesh.vertexType(), InstancedMeshPool::new)
-				.alloc(mesh, eboCache);
-	}
-
-	public List<DrawCall> drawCallsForInstancer(InstancedInstancer<?> instancer) {
-		return initializedInstancers.getOrDefault(instancer, List.of());
 	}
 
 	public static class DrawSet implements Iterable<Map.Entry<ShaderState, Collection<DrawCall>>> {
@@ -187,7 +121,4 @@ public class InstancedDrawManager {
 					.iterator();
 		}
 	}
-
-	private record UninitializedInstancer(InstancedInstancer<?> instancer, Model model, RenderStage stage) {
-	}
 }

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/engine/instancing/InstancedInstancer.java

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.engine.instancing;
 
+import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Set;
 
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.Flywheel;
@@ -21,6 +23,8 @@ public class InstancedInstancer<I extends Instance> extends AbstractInstancer<I>
 	private final Set<GlVertexArray> boundTo = new HashSet<>();
 	private GlBuffer vbo;
 
+	private final List<DrawCall> drawCalls = new ArrayList<>();
+
 	public InstancedInstancer(InstanceType<I> type) {
 		super(type);
 		instanceFormat = type.getLayout();
@@ -111,4 +115,12 @@ public class InstancedInstancer<I extends Instance> extends AbstractInstancer<I>
 		vbo.delete();
 		vbo = null;
 	}
+
+	public void addDrawCall(DrawCall drawCall) {
+		drawCalls.add(drawCall);
+	}
+
+	public List<DrawCall> drawCalls() {
+		return drawCalls;
+	}
 }

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/engine/instancing/InstancingEngine.java

@@ -12,23 +12,20 @@ import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.context.Context;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.event.RenderContext;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.event.RenderStage;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.Instance;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.InstanceType;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instance.Instancer;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.model.Model;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.task.Plan;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.task.TaskExecutor;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.compile.InstancingPrograms;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.engine.AbstractEngine;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.engine.AbstractInstancer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.engine.InstanceHandleImpl;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.engine.InstancerStorage;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.engine.UniformBuffer;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.engine.indirect.Textures;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.gl.GlStateTracker;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.gl.GlTextureUnit;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.lib.context.Contexts;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.lib.material.MaterialIndices;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.lib.task.Flag;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.lib.task.NamedFlag;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.lib.task.RaisePlan;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.lib.task.SyncedPlan;
 import com.mojang.blaze3d.systems.RenderSystem;
 
@@ -36,39 +33,38 @@ import net.minecraft.client.Minecraft;
 import net.minecraft.client.resources.model.ModelBakery;
 
 public class InstancingEngine extends AbstractEngine {
-	private final Context context;
 	private final InstancedDrawManager drawManager = new InstancedDrawManager();
 
 	private final Flag flushFlag = new NamedFlag("flushed");
 
-	public InstancingEngine(int maxOriginDistance, Context context) {
+	public InstancingEngine(int maxOriginDistance) {
 		super(maxOriginDistance);
-		this.context = context;
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public <I extends Instance> Instancer<I> instancer(InstanceType<I> type, Model model, RenderStage stage) {
-		return drawManager.getInstancer(type, model, stage);
     }
 
 	@Override
 	public Plan<RenderContext> createFramePlan() {
-		return SyncedPlan.<RenderContext>of(this::flushDrawManager)
+		return SyncedPlan.of(this::flushDrawManager);
-				.then(RaisePlan.raise(flushFlag));
 	}
 
 	private void flushDrawManager() {
 		try (var restoreState = GlStateTracker.getRestoreState()) {
 			drawManager.flush();
 		}
+		flushFlag.raise();
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	public void renderStage(TaskExecutor executor, RenderContext context, RenderStage stage) {
+		executor.syncUntil(flushFlag::isRaised);
+		if (stage.isLast()) {
+			flushFlag.lower();
+		}
+
 		var drawSet = drawManager.get(stage);
 
-		if (!drawSet.isEmpty()) {
+        if (drawSet.isEmpty()) {
-			executor.syncUntil(flushFlag::isRaised);
+            return;
+        }
 
         try (var state = GlStateTracker.getRestoreState()) {
             setup();
@@ -77,14 +73,6 @@ public class InstancingEngine extends AbstractEngine {
         }
     }
 
-		if (stage.isLast()) {
-			// Need to sync here to ensure this frame has everything executed
-			// in case we didn't have any stages to draw this frame.
-			executor.syncUntil(flushFlag::isRaised);
-			flushFlag.lower();
-		}
-	}
-
 	@Override
 	public void renderCrumblingInstances(TaskExecutor executor, RenderContext context, List<Instance> instances, int progress) {
 		if (instances.isEmpty()) {
@@ -139,7 +127,7 @@ public class InstancingEngine extends AbstractEngine {
 				continue;
 			}
 
-			List<DrawCall> draws = drawManager.drawCallsForInstancer(instancer);
+			List<DrawCall> draws = instancer.drawCalls();
 
 			draws.removeIf(DrawCall::isInvalid);
 
@@ -173,7 +161,7 @@ public class InstancingEngine extends AbstractEngine {
 				continue;
 			}
 
-			setup(shader, context);
+			setup(shader, Contexts.WORLD);
 
 			shader.material().setup();
 
@@ -201,8 +189,8 @@ public class InstancingEngine extends AbstractEngine {
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	protected void onRenderOriginChanged() {
+	protected InstancerStorage<? extends AbstractInstancer<?>> getStorage() {
-		drawManager.clearInstancers();
+		return drawManager;
 	}
 
 	@Override

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/config/BackendArgument.java

@@ -4,21 +4,39 @@ import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
 
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.Flywheel;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.backend.Backend;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.lib.util.ResourceUtil;
 import com.mojang.brigadier.StringReader;
 import com.mojang.brigadier.arguments.ArgumentType;
 import com.mojang.brigadier.context.CommandContext;
 import com.mojang.brigadier.exceptions.CommandSyntaxException;
 import com.mojang.brigadier.exceptions.DynamicCommandExceptionType;
+import com.mojang.brigadier.exceptions.SimpleCommandExceptionType;
 import com.mojang.brigadier.suggestion.Suggestions;
 import com.mojang.brigadier.suggestion.SuggestionsBuilder;
 
+import net.minecraft.ResourceLocationException;
 import net.minecraft.commands.SharedSuggestionProvider;
 import net.minecraft.network.chat.Component;
 import net.minecraft.resources.ResourceLocation;
 
 public class BackendArgument implements ArgumentType<Backend> {
-	private static final List<String> STRING_IDS = Backend.REGISTRY.getAllIds().stream().map(ResourceLocation::toString).toList();
+	private static final List<String> STRING_IDS = Backend.REGISTRY.getAllIds()
+			.stream()
+			.map(rl -> {
+				if (Flywheel.ID
+                        .equals(rl.getNamespace())) {
+					return rl.getPath();
+				} else {
+					return rl.toString();
+				}
+			})
+			.toList();
+
+	private static final SimpleCommandExceptionType ERROR_INVALID = new SimpleCommandExceptionType(Component.translatable("argument.id.invalid"));
 
 	public static final DynamicCommandExceptionType ERROR_UNKNOWN_BACKEND = new DynamicCommandExceptionType(arg -> {
 		return Component.literal("Unknown backend '" + arg + "'");
@@ -28,7 +46,7 @@ public class BackendArgument implements ArgumentType<Backend> {
 
 	@Override
 	public Backend parse(StringReader reader) throws CommandSyntaxException {
-		ResourceLocation id = ResourceLocation.read(reader);
+		ResourceLocation id = getRead(reader);
 		Backend backend = Backend.REGISTRY.get(id);
 
 		if (backend == null) {
@@ -38,6 +56,27 @@ public class BackendArgument implements ArgumentType<Backend> {
 		return backend;
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Copied from {@link ResourceLocation#read}, but defaults to flywheel namespace.
+	 */
+	@NotNull
+	private static ResourceLocation getRead(StringReader reader) throws CommandSyntaxException {
+		int i = reader.getCursor();
+
+		while(reader.canRead() && ResourceLocation.isAllowedInResourceLocation(reader.peek())) {
+		   reader.skip();
+		}
+
+		String s = reader.getString().substring(i, reader.getCursor());
+
+		try {
+		   return ResourceUtil.defaultToFlywheelNamespace(s);
+		} catch (ResourceLocationException resourcelocationexception) {
+		   reader.setCursor(i);
+		   throw ERROR_INVALID.createWithContext(reader);
+		}
+	}
+
 	@Override
 	public <S> CompletableFuture<Suggestions> listSuggestions(CommandContext<S> context, SuggestionsBuilder builder) {
 		return SharedSuggestionProvider.suggest(STRING_IDS, builder);