diff --git a/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/GPUInstancer.java b/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/GPUInstancer.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..51ce4d700
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/GPUInstancer.java
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.BitSet;
+
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.Backend;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.GlVertexArray;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.attrib.VertexFormat;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.GlBuffer;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.GlBufferType;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.MappedBuffer;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.model.ModelAllocator;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.model.IBufferedModel;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.IModel;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.AttribUtil;
+
+/**
+ * An instancer is how you interact with an instanced model.
+ * <p>
+ *     Instanced models can have many copies, and on most systems it's very fast to draw all of the copies at once.
+ *     There is no limit to how many copies an instanced model can have.
+ *     Each copy is represented by an InstanceData object.
+ * </p>
+ * <p>
+ *     When you call {@link #createInstance()} you are given an InstanceData object that you can manipulate however
+ *     you want. The changes you make to the InstanceData object are automatically made visible, and persistent.
+ *     Changing the position of your InstanceData object every frame means that that copy of the model will be in a
+ *     different position in the world each frame. Setting the position of your InstanceData once and not touching it
+ *     again means that your model will be in the same position in the world every frame. This persistence is useful
+ *     because it means the properties of your model don't have to be re-evaluated every frame.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * @param <D> the data that represents a copy of the instanced model.
+ */
+public class GPUInstancer<D extends InstanceData> implements Instancer<D> {
+
+	private final ModelAllocator modelAllocator;
+	private final IModel modelData;
+	private final VertexFormat instanceFormat;
+	private final IInstanceFactory<D> factory;
+
+	private IBufferedModel model;
+	private GlVertexArray vao;
+	private GlBuffer instanceVBO;
+	private int glBufferSize = -1;
+	private int glInstanceCount = 0;
+	private boolean deleted;
+	private boolean initialized;
+
+	private final ArrayList<D> data = new ArrayList<>();
+
+	boolean anyToRemove;
+	boolean anyToUpdate;
+
+	public GPUInstancer(ModelAllocator modelAllocator, IModel model, IInstanceFactory<D> factory, VertexFormat instanceFormat) {
+		this.modelAllocator = modelAllocator;
+		this.modelData = model;
+		this.factory = factory;
+		this.instanceFormat = instanceFormat;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @return a handle to a new copy of this model.
+	 */
+	@Override
+	public D createInstance() {
+		return _add(factory.create(this));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Copy a data from another Instancer to this.
+	 *
+	 * This has the effect of swapping out one model for another.
+	 * @param inOther the data associated with a different model.
+	 */
+	@Override
+	public void stealInstance(D inOther) {
+		if (inOther.owner == this) return;
+
+		inOther.delete();
+		// sike, we want to keep it, changing the owner reference will still delete it in the other
+		inOther.removed = false;
+		_add(inOther);
+	}
+
+	public void render() {
+		if (invalid()) return;
+
+		vao.bind();
+		renderSetup();
+
+		if (glInstanceCount > 0) model.drawInstances(glInstanceCount);
+
+		// persistent mapping sync point
+		instanceVBO.doneForThisFrame();
+
+		vao.unbind();
+	}
+
+	private boolean invalid() {
+		return deleted || model == null;
+	}
+
+	public void init() {
+		if (isInitialized()) return;
+
+		initialized = true;
+
+		vao = new GlVertexArray();
+
+		model = modelAllocator.alloc(modelData, arenaModel -> {
+			vao.bind();
+
+			model.setupState();
+
+			vao.unbind();
+		});
+
+		vao.bind();
+
+		instanceVBO = GlBuffer.requestPersistent(GlBufferType.ARRAY_BUFFER);
+		AttribUtil.enableArrays(model.getAttributeCount() + instanceFormat.getAttributeCount());
+
+		vao.unbind();
+	}
+
+	public boolean isInitialized() {
+		return initialized;
+	}
+
+	public boolean isEmpty() {
+		return !anyToUpdate && !anyToRemove && glInstanceCount == 0;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Clear all instance data without freeing resources.
+	 */
+	public void clear() {
+		data.clear();
+		anyToRemove = true;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Free acquired resources. All other Instancer methods are undefined behavior after calling delete.
+	 */
+	public void delete() {
+		if (invalid()) return;
+
+		deleted = true;
+
+		model.delete();
+
+		instanceVBO.delete();
+		vao.delete();
+	}
+
+	private D _add(D instanceData) {
+		instanceData.owner = this;
+
+		instanceData.dirty = true;
+		anyToUpdate = true;
+		synchronized (data) {
+			data.add(instanceData);
+		}
+
+		return instanceData;
+	}
+
+	protected void renderSetup() {
+		if (anyToRemove) {
+			removeDeletedInstances();
+		}
+
+		instanceVBO.bind();
+		if (!realloc()) {
+
+			if (anyToRemove) {
+				clearBufferTail();
+			}
+
+			if (anyToUpdate) {
+				updateBuffer();
+			}
+
+			glInstanceCount = data.size();
+		}
+
+		instanceVBO.unbind();
+
+		anyToRemove = anyToUpdate = false;
+	}
+
+	private void clearBufferTail() {
+		int size = data.size();
+		final int offset = size * instanceFormat.getStride();
+		final int length = glBufferSize - offset;
+		if (length > 0) {
+			instanceVBO.getBuffer(offset, length)
+					.putByteArray(new byte[length])
+					.flush();
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void updateBuffer() {
+		final int size = data.size();
+
+		if (size <= 0) return;
+
+		final int stride = instanceFormat.getStride();
+		final BitSet dirtySet = getDirtyBitSet();
+
+		if (dirtySet.isEmpty()) return;
+
+		final int firstDirty = dirtySet.nextSetBit(0);
+		final int lastDirty = dirtySet.previousSetBit(size);
+
+		final int offset = firstDirty * stride;
+		final int length = (1 + lastDirty - firstDirty) * stride;
+
+		if (length > 0) {
+			MappedBuffer mapped = instanceVBO.getBuffer(offset, length);
+
+			dirtySet.stream()
+					.forEach(i -> {
+						final D d = data.get(i);
+
+						mapped.position(i * stride);
+						d.write(mapped);
+					});
+			mapped.flush();
+		}
+	}
+
+	private BitSet getDirtyBitSet() {
+		final int size = data.size();
+		final BitSet dirtySet = new BitSet(size);
+
+		for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+			D element = data.get(i);
+			if (element.dirty) {
+				dirtySet.set(i);
+
+				element.dirty = false;
+			}
+		}
+		return dirtySet;
+	}
+
+	private boolean realloc() {
+		int size = this.data.size();
+		int stride = instanceFormat.getStride();
+		int requiredSize = size * stride;
+		if (requiredSize > glBufferSize) {
+			glBufferSize = requiredSize + stride * 16;
+			instanceVBO.alloc(glBufferSize);
+
+			MappedBuffer buffer = instanceVBO.getBuffer(0, glBufferSize);
+			for (D datum : data) {
+				datum.write(buffer);
+			}
+			buffer.flush();
+
+			glInstanceCount = size;
+
+			informAttribDivisors();
+
+			return true;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	private void removeDeletedInstances() {
+		// Figure out which elements are to be removed.
+		final int oldSize = this.data.size();
+		int removeCount = 0;
+		final BitSet removeSet = new BitSet(oldSize);
+		for (int i = 0; i < oldSize; i++) {
+			final D element = this.data.get(i);
+			if (element.removed || element.owner != this) {
+				removeSet.set(i);
+				removeCount++;
+			}
+		}
+
+		final int newSize = oldSize - removeCount;
+
+		// shift surviving elements left over the spaces left by removed elements
+		for (int i = 0, j = 0; (i < oldSize) && (j < newSize); i++, j++) {
+			i = removeSet.nextClearBit(i);
+
+			if (i != j) {
+				D element = data.get(i);
+				data.set(j, element);
+				element.dirty = true;
+			}
+		}
+
+		anyToUpdate = true;
+
+		data.subList(newSize, oldSize)
+				.clear();
+
+	}
+
+	private void informAttribDivisors() {
+		int staticAttributes = model.getAttributeCount();
+		instanceFormat.vertexAttribPointers(staticAttributes);
+
+		for (int i = 0; i < instanceFormat.getAttributeCount(); i++) {
+			Backend.getInstance().compat.instancedArrays.vertexAttribDivisor(i + staticAttributes, 1);
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void markDirty(InstanceData instanceData) {
+		anyToUpdate = true;
+		instanceData.dirty = true;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void markRemoval(InstanceData instanceData) {
+		anyToRemove = true;
+		instanceData.removed = true;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/InstanceData.java b/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/InstanceData.java
index 21eaed753..a8c1adfa0 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/InstanceData.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/InstanceData.java
@@ -16,13 +16,11 @@ public abstract class InstanceData {
 	public abstract void write(MappedBuffer buf);
 
 	public void markDirty() {
-		owner.anyToUpdate = true;
-		dirty = true;
+		owner.markDirty(this);
 	}
 
 	public void delete() {
-		owner.anyToRemove = true;
-		removed = true;
+		owner.markRemoval(this);
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/Instancer.java b/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/Instancer.java
index 1ceaa6953..28737e143 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/Instancer.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/Instancer.java
@@ -1,71 +1,10 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing;
 
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.BitSet;
-
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.Backend;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.GlVertexArray;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.attrib.VertexFormat;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.GlBuffer;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.GlBufferType;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.MappedBuffer;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.material.MaterialSpec;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.model.ModelAllocator;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.model.IBufferedModel;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.IModel;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.AttribUtil;
-
-/**
- * An instancer is how you interact with an instanced model.
- * <p>
- *     Instanced models can have many copies, and on most systems it's very fast to draw all of the copies at once.
- *     There is no limit to how many copies an instanced model can have.
- *     Each copy is represented by an InstanceData object.
- * </p>
- * <p>
- *     When you call {@link #createInstance()} you are given an InstanceData object that you can manipulate however
- *     you want. The changes you make to the InstanceData object are automatically made visible, and persistent.
- *     Changing the position of your InstanceData object every frame means that that copy of the model will be in a
- *     different position in the world each frame. Setting the position of your InstanceData once and not touching it
- *     again means that your model will be in the same position in the world every frame. This persistence is useful
- *     because it means the properties of your model don't have to be re-evaluated every frame.
- * </p>
- *
- * @param <D> the data that represents a copy of the instanced model.
- */
-public class Instancer<D extends InstanceData> {
-
-	private final ModelAllocator modelAllocator;
-	private final IModel modelData;
-	private final VertexFormat instanceFormat;
-	private final IInstanceFactory<D> factory;
-
-	private IBufferedModel model;
-	private GlVertexArray vao;
-	private GlBuffer instanceVBO;
-	private int glBufferSize = -1;
-	private int glInstanceCount = 0;
-	private boolean deleted;
-	private boolean initialized;
-
-	private final ArrayList<D> data = new ArrayList<>();
-
-	boolean anyToRemove;
-	boolean anyToUpdate;
-
-	public Instancer(ModelAllocator modelAllocator, IModel model, IInstanceFactory<D> factory, VertexFormat instanceFormat) {
-		this.modelAllocator = modelAllocator;
-		this.modelData = model;
-		this.factory = factory;
-		this.instanceFormat = instanceFormat;
-	}
-
+public interface Instancer<D extends InstanceData> {
 	/**
 	 * @return a handle to a new copy of this model.
 	 */
-	public D createInstance() {
-		return _add(factory.create(this));
-	}
+	D createInstance();
 
 	/**
 	 * Copy a data from another Instancer to this.
@@ -73,239 +12,9 @@ public class Instancer<D extends InstanceData> {
 	 * This has the effect of swapping out one model for another.
 	 * @param inOther the data associated with a different model.
 	 */
-	public void stealInstance(D inOther) {
-		if (inOther.owner == this) return;
+	void stealInstance(D inOther);
 
-		inOther.owner.anyToRemove = true;
-		_add(inOther);
-	}
-
-	public void render() {
-		if (invalid()) return;
-
-		vao.bind();
-		renderSetup();
-
-		if (glInstanceCount > 0) model.drawInstances(glInstanceCount);
-
-		// persistent mapping sync point
-		instanceVBO.doneForThisFrame();
-
-		vao.unbind();
-	}
-
-	private boolean invalid() {
-		return deleted || model == null;
-	}
-
-	public void init() {
-		if (isInitialized()) return;
-
-		initialized = true;
-
-		vao = new GlVertexArray();
-
-		model = modelAllocator.alloc(modelData, arenaModel -> {
-			vao.bind();
-
-			model.setupState();
-
-			vao.unbind();
-		});
-
-		vao.bind();
-
-		instanceVBO = GlBuffer.requestPersistent(GlBufferType.ARRAY_BUFFER);
-		AttribUtil.enableArrays(model.getAttributeCount() + instanceFormat.getAttributeCount());
-
-		vao.unbind();
-	}
-
-	public boolean isInitialized() {
-		return initialized;
-	}
-
-	public boolean isEmpty() {
-		return !anyToUpdate && !anyToRemove && glInstanceCount == 0;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Clear all instance data without freeing resources.
-	 */
-	public void clear() {
-		data.clear();
-		anyToRemove = true;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Free acquired resources. All other Instancer methods are undefined behavior after calling delete.
-	 */
-	public void delete() {
-		if (invalid()) return;
-
-		deleted = true;
-
-		model.delete();
-
-		instanceVBO.delete();
-		vao.delete();
-	}
-
-	private D _add(D instanceData) {
-		instanceData.owner = this;
-
-		instanceData.dirty = true;
-		anyToUpdate = true;
-		synchronized (data) {
-			data.add(instanceData);
-		}
-
-		return instanceData;
-	}
-
-	protected void renderSetup() {
-		if (anyToRemove) {
-			removeDeletedInstances();
-		}
-
-		instanceVBO.bind();
-		if (!realloc()) {
-
-			if (anyToRemove) {
-				clearBufferTail();
-			}
-
-			if (anyToUpdate) {
-				updateBuffer();
-			}
-
-			glInstanceCount = data.size();
-		}
-
-		instanceVBO.unbind();
-
-		anyToRemove = anyToUpdate = false;
-	}
-
-	private void clearBufferTail() {
-		int size = data.size();
-		final int offset = size * instanceFormat.getStride();
-		final int length = glBufferSize - offset;
-		if (length > 0) {
-			instanceVBO.getBuffer(offset, length)
-					.putByteArray(new byte[length])
-					.flush();
-		}
-	}
-
-	private void updateBuffer() {
-		final int size = data.size();
-
-		if (size <= 0) return;
-
-		final int stride = instanceFormat.getStride();
-		final BitSet dirtySet = getDirtyBitSet();
-
-		if (dirtySet.isEmpty()) return;
-
-		final int firstDirty = dirtySet.nextSetBit(0);
-		final int lastDirty = dirtySet.previousSetBit(size);
-
-		final int offset = firstDirty * stride;
-		final int length = (1 + lastDirty - firstDirty) * stride;
-
-		if (length > 0) {
-			MappedBuffer mapped = instanceVBO.getBuffer(offset, length);
-
-			dirtySet.stream()
-					.forEach(i -> {
-						final D d = data.get(i);
-
-						mapped.position(i * stride);
-						d.write(mapped);
-					});
-			mapped.flush();
-		}
-	}
-
-	private BitSet getDirtyBitSet() {
-		final int size = data.size();
-		final BitSet dirtySet = new BitSet(size);
-
-		for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-			D element = data.get(i);
-			if (element.dirty) {
-				dirtySet.set(i);
-
-				element.dirty = false;
-			}
-		}
-		return dirtySet;
-	}
-
-	private boolean realloc() {
-		int size = this.data.size();
-		int stride = instanceFormat.getStride();
-		int requiredSize = size * stride;
-		if (requiredSize > glBufferSize) {
-			glBufferSize = requiredSize + stride * 16;
-			instanceVBO.alloc(glBufferSize);
-
-			MappedBuffer buffer = instanceVBO.getBuffer(0, glBufferSize);
-			for (D datum : data) {
-				datum.write(buffer);
-			}
-			buffer.flush();
-
-			glInstanceCount = size;
-
-			informAttribDivisors();
-
-			return true;
-		}
-		return false;
-	}
-
-	private void removeDeletedInstances() {
-		// Figure out which elements are to be removed.
-		final int oldSize = this.data.size();
-		int removeCount = 0;
-		final BitSet removeSet = new BitSet(oldSize);
-		for (int i = 0; i < oldSize; i++) {
-			final D element = this.data.get(i);
-			if (element.removed || element.owner != this) {
-				removeSet.set(i);
-				removeCount++;
-			}
-		}
-
-		final int newSize = oldSize - removeCount;
-
-		// shift surviving elements left over the spaces left by removed elements
-		for (int i = 0, j = 0; (i < oldSize) && (j < newSize); i++, j++) {
-			i = removeSet.nextClearBit(i);
-
-			if (i != j) {
-				D element = data.get(i);
-				data.set(j, element);
-				element.dirty = true;
-			}
-		}
-
-		anyToUpdate = true;
-
-		data.subList(newSize, oldSize)
-				.clear();
-
-	}
-
-	private void informAttribDivisors() {
-		int staticAttributes = model.getAttributeCount();
-		instanceFormat.vertexAttribPointers(staticAttributes);
-
-		for (int i = 0; i < instanceFormat.getAttributeCount(); i++) {
-			Backend.getInstance().compat.instancedArrays.vertexAttribDivisor(i + staticAttributes, 1);
-		}
-	}
+	void markDirty(InstanceData instanceData);
 
+	void markRemoval(InstanceData instanceData);
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/tile/TileEntityInstance.java b/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/tile/TileEntityInstance.java
index 45e308032..7ddefdd32 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/tile/TileEntityInstance.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/tile/TileEntityInstance.java
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.tile;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.IDynamicInstance;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.AbstractInstance;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.ITickableInstance;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.material.InstanceMaterial;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.material.Material;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.material.MaterialManager;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.Materials;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.materials.ModelData;
@@ -76,11 +76,11 @@ public abstract class TileEntityInstance<T extends TileEntity> extends AbstractI
 		return pos;
 	}
 
-	protected InstanceMaterial<ModelData> getTransformMaterial() {
+	protected Material<ModelData> getTransformMaterial() {
         return materialManager.defaultCutout().material(Materials.TRANSFORMED);
     }
 
-	protected InstanceMaterial<OrientedData> getOrientedMaterial() {
+	protected Material<OrientedData> getOrientedMaterial() {
 		return materialManager.defaultCutout().material(Materials.ORIENTED);
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/material/InstanceMaterial.java b/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/material/Material.java
similarity index 96%
rename from src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/material/InstanceMaterial.java
rename to src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/material/Material.java
index 5576d3fb2..db56d012a 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/material/InstanceMaterial.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/material/Material.java
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import com.mojang.blaze3d.matrix.MatrixStack;
 import net.minecraft.block.BlockState;
 import net.minecraft.util.Direction;
 
-public interface InstanceMaterial<D extends InstanceData> {
+public interface Material<D extends InstanceData> {
 	/**
 	 * Get an instancer for the given model. Calling this method twice with the same key will return the same instancer.
 	 *
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/material/MaterialGroup.java b/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/material/MaterialGroup.java
index ac2e4d6cd..2e3bb81fe 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/material/MaterialGroup.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/material/MaterialGroup.java
@@ -10,5 +10,5 @@ public interface MaterialGroup {
 	 * @param <D>  The type representing the per instance data.
 	 * @return A material you can use to render models.
 	 */
-	<D extends InstanceData> InstanceMaterial<D> material(MaterialSpec<D> spec);
+	<D extends InstanceData> Material<D> material(MaterialSpec<D> spec);
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/material/MaterialGroupImpl.java b/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/material/MaterialGroupImpl.java
index 3c6ab0a32..0f3661929 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/material/MaterialGroupImpl.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/material/MaterialGroupImpl.java
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ public class MaterialGroupImpl<P extends WorldProgram> implements MaterialGroup
 
 	private final ArrayList<MaterialRenderer<P>> renderers = new ArrayList<>();
 
-	private final Map<MaterialSpec<?>, InstanceMaterialImpl<?>> materials = new HashMap<>();
+	private final Map<MaterialSpec<?>, MaterialImpl<?>> materials = new HashMap<>();
 
 	public MaterialGroupImpl(MaterialManagerImpl<P> owner, IRenderState state) {
 		this.owner = owner;
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ public class MaterialGroupImpl<P extends WorldProgram> implements MaterialGroup
 	 */
 	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
 	@Override
-	public <D extends InstanceData> InstanceMaterialImpl<D> material(MaterialSpec<D> spec) {
-		return (InstanceMaterialImpl<D>) materials.computeIfAbsent(spec, this::createInstanceMaterial);
+	public <D extends InstanceData> MaterialImpl<D> material(MaterialSpec<D> spec) {
+		return (MaterialImpl<D>) materials.computeIfAbsent(spec, this::createInstanceMaterial);
 	}
 
 	public void render(Matrix4f viewProjection, double camX, double camY, double camZ) {
@@ -53,19 +53,19 @@ public class MaterialGroupImpl<P extends WorldProgram> implements MaterialGroup
 	}
 
 	public void clear() {
-		materials.values().forEach(InstanceMaterialImpl::clear);
+		materials.values().forEach(MaterialImpl::clear);
 	}
 
 	public void delete() {
 		materials.values()
-				.forEach(InstanceMaterialImpl::delete);
+				.forEach(MaterialImpl::delete);
 
 		materials.clear();
 		renderers.clear();
 	}
 
-	private InstanceMaterialImpl<?> createInstanceMaterial(MaterialSpec<?> type) {
-		InstanceMaterialImpl<?> material = new InstanceMaterialImpl<>(type);
+	private MaterialImpl<?> createInstanceMaterial(MaterialSpec<?> type) {
+		MaterialImpl<?> material = new MaterialImpl<>(type);
 
 		this.renderers.add(new MaterialRenderer<>(owner.getProgram(type.getProgramName()), material, this::setup));
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/material/InstanceMaterialImpl.java b/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/material/MaterialImpl.java
similarity index 77%
rename from src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/material/InstanceMaterialImpl.java
rename to src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/material/MaterialImpl.java
index 7f91c98e9..ad0bb535c 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/material/InstanceMaterialImpl.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/material/MaterialImpl.java
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import java.util.function.Supplier;
 import com.google.common.cache.Cache;
 import com.google.common.cache.CacheBuilder;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.RenderWork;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.GPUInstancer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.InstanceData;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.Instancer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.model.ModelPool;
@@ -15,19 +16,19 @@ import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.IModel;
  * A collection of Instancers that all have the same format.
  * @param <D>
  */
-public class InstanceMaterialImpl<D extends InstanceData> implements InstanceMaterial<D> {
+public class MaterialImpl<D extends InstanceData> implements Material<D> {
 
 	final ModelPool modelPool;
-	protected final Cache<Object, Instancer<D>> models;
+	protected final Cache<Object, GPUInstancer<D>> models;
 	protected final MaterialSpec<D> spec;
 
-	public InstanceMaterialImpl(MaterialSpec<D> spec) {
+	public MaterialImpl(MaterialSpec<D> spec) {
 		this.spec = spec;
 
 		modelPool = new ModelPool(spec.getModelFormat(), spec.getModelFormat().getStride() * 64);
 		this.models = CacheBuilder.newBuilder()
 				.removalListener(notification -> {
-					Instancer<?> instancer = (Instancer<?>) notification.getValue();
+					GPUInstancer<?> instancer = (GPUInstancer<?>) notification.getValue();
 					RenderWork.enqueue(instancer::delete);
 				})
 				.build();
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ public class InstanceMaterialImpl<D extends InstanceData> implements InstanceMat
 	@Override
 	public Instancer<D> model(Object key, Supplier<IModel> modelSupplier) {
 		try {
-			return models.get(key, () -> new Instancer<>(modelPool, modelSupplier.get(), spec.getInstanceFactory(), spec.getInstanceFormat()));
+			return models.get(key, () -> new GPUInstancer<>(modelPool, modelSupplier.get(), spec.getInstanceFactory(), spec.getInstanceFormat()));
 		} catch (ExecutionException e) {
 			throw new RuntimeException("error creating instancer", e);
 		}
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ public class InstanceMaterialImpl<D extends InstanceData> implements InstanceMat
 		return models.size() > 0 && models.asMap()
 				.values()
 				.stream()
-				.allMatch(Instancer::isEmpty);
+				.allMatch(GPUInstancer::isEmpty);
 	}
 
 	public void delete() {
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ public class InstanceMaterialImpl<D extends InstanceData> implements InstanceMat
 	public void clear() {
 		models.asMap()
 				.values()
-				.forEach(Instancer::clear);
+				.forEach(GPUInstancer::clear);
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/material/MaterialRenderer.java b/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/material/MaterialRenderer.java
index af695a27c..87ff35494 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/material/MaterialRenderer.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/material/MaterialRenderer.java
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.function.Consumer;
 import java.util.function.Supplier;
 
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.GPUInstancer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.Instancer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.shader.WorldProgram;
 
@@ -12,11 +13,11 @@ import net.minecraft.util.math.vector.Matrix4f;
 public class MaterialRenderer<P extends WorldProgram> {
 
 	protected final Supplier<P> program;
-	protected final InstanceMaterialImpl<?> material;
+	protected final MaterialImpl<?> material;
 
 	protected final Consumer<P> setupFunc;
 
-	public MaterialRenderer(Supplier<P> programSupplier, InstanceMaterialImpl<?> material, Consumer<P> setupFunc) {
+	public MaterialRenderer(Supplier<P> programSupplier, MaterialImpl<?> material, Consumer<P> setupFunc) {
 		this.program = programSupplier;
 		this.material = material;
 		this.setupFunc = setupFunc;
@@ -25,11 +26,11 @@ public class MaterialRenderer<P extends WorldProgram> {
 	public void render(Matrix4f viewProjection, double camX, double camY, double camZ) {
 		if (material.nothingToRender()) return;
 
-		Collection<? extends Instancer<?>> instancers = material.models.asMap()
+		Collection<? extends GPUInstancer<?>> instancers = material.models.asMap()
 				.values();
 
 		// initialize all uninitialized instancers...
-		instancers.forEach(Instancer::init);
+		instancers.forEach(GPUInstancer::init);
 		// ...and then flush the model arena in case anything was marked for upload
 		material.modelPool.flush();
 
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ public class MaterialRenderer<P extends WorldProgram> {
 
 		setupFunc.accept(program);
 
-		instancers.forEach(Instancer::render);
+		instancers.forEach(GPUInstancer::render);
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/materials/BasicData.java b/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/materials/BasicData.java
index 2fc7fc285..18f06861e 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/materials/BasicData.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/materials/BasicData.java
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.materials;
 
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.MappedBuffer;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.GPUInstancer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.InstanceData;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.Instancer;
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/materials/ModelData.java b/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/materials/ModelData.java
index 9c15d99cd..2d5945301 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/materials/ModelData.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/materials/ModelData.java
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.materials;
 
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.MappedBuffer;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.GPUInstancer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.Instancer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.RenderUtil;
 import com.mojang.blaze3d.matrix.MatrixStack;
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/materials/OrientedData.java b/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/materials/OrientedData.java
index 4a3010abd..657cc8daf 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/materials/OrientedData.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/materials/OrientedData.java
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.materials;
 
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.MappedBuffer;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.GPUInstancer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.Instancer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.vec.Vec3;