Merge branch '1.18/next' into 1.18/culling

# Conflicts:
#	src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/api/struct/StructType.java
#	src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/instancing/GPUInstancer.java
#	src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/instancing/MeshPool.java
#	src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/hardcoded/ModelPart.java
#	src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/model/Mesh.java
#	src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/model/ModelUtil.java
#	src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/model/SimpleMesh.java
#	src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/structs/model/TransformedWriterUnsafe.java
#	src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/structs/oriented/OrientedType.java
#	src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/structs/transformed/TransformedStorageWriter.java
#	src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/structs/transformed/TransformedType.java
#	src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/uniform/ViewProvider.java

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/api/material/Material.java

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ public interface Material {
 
 	VertexTransformer getVertexTransformer();
 
-	public interface VertexTransformer {
+	interface VertexTransformer {
 		void transform(MutableVertexList vertexList, ClientLevel level);
 	}
 }

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/api/struct/StructType.java

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.struct;
 
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instancer.InstancedPart;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.MutableVertexList;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.layout.BufferLayout;
@@ -25,22 +23,17 @@ public interface StructType<S extends InstancedPart> {
 	 */
 	BufferLayout getLayout();
 
-	/**
-	 * Create a {@link StructWriter} that will consume instances of S and write them to the given buffer.
-	 *
-	 * @param backing The buffer that the StructWriter will write to.
-	 */
-	StructWriter<S> getWriter(ByteBuffer backing);
+	StructWriter<S> getWriter();
 
 	FileResolution getInstanceShader();
 
-	VertexTransformer<? extends S> getVertexTransformer();
+	VertexTransformer<S> getVertexTransformer();
 
 	StorageBufferWriter<S> getStorageBufferWriter();
 
 	FileResolution getIndirectShader();
 
-	public interface VertexTransformer<S extends InstancedPart> {
+	interface VertexTransformer<S extends InstancedPart> {
 		void transform(MutableVertexList vertexList, S struct, ClientLevel level);
 	}
 

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/api/struct/StructWriter.java

@@ -1,17 +1,13 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.struct;
 
-/**
- * StructWriters can quickly consume many instances of S and write them to some backing buffer.
- */
-public interface StructWriter<S> {
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instancer.InstancedPart;
 
 /**
-	 * Write the given struct to the backing array.
+ * StructWriters can quickly consume many instances of S and write them to some memory address.
  */
-	void write(S struct);
-
+public interface StructWriter<S extends InstancedPart> {
 	/**
-	 * Seek to the given position. The next write will occur there.
+	 * Write the given struct to the given memory address.
 	 */
-	void seek(int pos);
+	void write(long ptr, S struct);
 }

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/api/uniform/UniformProvider.java

@@ -1,18 +1,16 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.uniform;
 
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.source.FileResolution;
 
 public abstract class UniformProvider {
 
-	protected ByteBuffer buffer;
+	protected long ptr;
 	protected Notifier notifier;
 
 	public abstract int getActualByteSize();
 
-	public void updatePtr(ByteBuffer backing, Notifier notifier) {
-		this.buffer = backing;
+	public void updatePtr(long ptr, Notifier notifier) {
+		this.ptr = ptr;
 		this.notifier = notifier;
 	}
 

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/api/vertex/ReusableVertexList.java

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex;
+
+public interface ReusableVertexList extends MutableVertexList {
+	long ptr();
+
+	void ptr(long ptr);
+
+	void shiftPtr(int vertices);
+
+	void setVertexCount(int vertexCount);
+}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/api/vertex/VertexList.java

@@ -44,6 +44,37 @@ public interface VertexList extends PointSet {
 
 	float normalZ(int index);
 
+	default void write(MutableVertexList dst, int srcIndex, int dstIndex) {
+		dst.x(dstIndex, x(srcIndex));
+		dst.y(dstIndex, y(srcIndex));
+		dst.z(dstIndex, z(srcIndex));
+
+		dst.r(dstIndex, r(srcIndex));
+		dst.g(dstIndex, g(srcIndex));
+		dst.b(dstIndex, b(srcIndex));
+		dst.a(dstIndex, a(srcIndex));
+
+		dst.u(dstIndex, u(srcIndex));
+		dst.v(dstIndex, v(srcIndex));
+
+		dst.overlay(dstIndex, overlay(srcIndex));
+		dst.light(dstIndex, light(srcIndex));
+
+		dst.normalX(dstIndex, normalX(srcIndex));
+		dst.normalY(dstIndex, normalY(srcIndex));
+		dst.normalZ(dstIndex, normalZ(srcIndex));
+	}
+
+	default void write(MutableVertexList dst, int srcStartIndex, int dstStartIndex, int vertexCount) {
+		for (int i = 0; i < vertexCount; i++) {
+			write(dst, srcStartIndex + i, dstStartIndex + i);
+		}
+	}
+
+	default void writeAll(MutableVertexList dst) {
+		write(dst, 0, 0, getVertexCount());
+	}
+
 	int getVertexCount();
 
 	default boolean isEmpty() {

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/api/vertex/VertexListProvider.java

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex;
+
+public interface VertexListProvider {
+	ReusableVertexList createVertexList();
+}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/api/vertex/VertexType.java

@@ -1,38 +1,18 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex;
 
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.layout.BufferLayout;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.source.FileResolution;
 
 /**
  * A vertex type containing metadata about a specific vertex layout.
  */
-public interface VertexType {
+public interface VertexType extends VertexListProvider {
 
 	/**
 	 * The layout of this type of vertex when buffered.
 	 */
 	BufferLayout getLayout();
 
-	/**
-	 * Create a writer backed by the given ByteBuffer.
-	 *
-	 * <p>
-	 *     Implementors are encouraged to override the return type for ergonomics.
-	 * </p>
-	 */
-	VertexWriter createWriter(ByteBuffer buffer);
-
-	/**
-	 * Create a view of the given ByteBuffer as if it were already filled with vertices.
-	 *
-	 * <p>
-	 *     Implementors are encouraged to override the return type for ergonomics.
-	 * </p>
-	 */
-	VertexList createReader(ByteBuffer buffer, int vertexCount);
-
 	FileResolution getLayoutShader();
 
 	default int getStride() {

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/api/vertex/VertexWriter.java

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-package com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex;
-
-public interface VertexWriter {
-	void writeVertex(VertexList list, int index);
-
-	void seek(long offset);
-
-	VertexList intoReader(int vertices);
-
-	default void writeVertexList(VertexList list) {
-		for (int i = 0; i < list.getVertexCount(); i++) {
-			this.writeVertex(list, i);
-		}
-	}
-}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/FlywheelMemory.java

@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend;
-
-import java.lang.ref.Cleaner;
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-
-import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
-
-public class FlywheelMemory {
-
-	public static final Cleaner CLEANER = Cleaner.create();
-
-	private static int gpuMemory = 0;
-	private static int cpuMemory = 0;
-
-	public static void _freeCPUMemory(long size) {
-		cpuMemory -= size;
-	}
-
-	public static void _allocCPUMemory(long size) {
-		cpuMemory += size;
-	}
-
-	public static void _freeGPUMemory(long size) {
-		gpuMemory -= size;
-	}
-
-	public static void _allocGPUMemory(long size) {
-		gpuMemory += size;
-	}
-
-	public static int getGPUMemory() {
-		return gpuMemory;
-	}
-
-	public static int getCPUMemory() {
-		return cpuMemory;
-	}
-
-	public static Cleaner.Cleanable track(Object owner, ByteBuffer buffer) {
-		return CLEANER.register(owner, new Tracked(buffer));
-	}
-
-	public static class Tracked implements Runnable {
-
-		private final ByteBuffer buffer;
-
-		public Tracked(ByteBuffer buffer) {
-			this.buffer = buffer;
-			_allocCPUMemory(buffer.capacity());
-		}
-
-		public void run() {
-			_freeCPUMemory(buffer.capacity());
-			MemoryUtil.memFree(buffer);
-		}
-	}
-}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/gl/buffer/GlBuffer.java

@@ -1,49 +1,111 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer;
 
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import static org.lwjgl.opengl.GL15.glBufferData;
+import static org.lwjgl.opengl.GL15.glDeleteBuffers;
+import static org.lwjgl.opengl.GL15.glGenBuffers;
+import static org.lwjgl.opengl.GL15.nglBufferData;
+import static org.lwjgl.opengl.GL30.GL_MAP_WRITE_BIT;
+import static org.lwjgl.opengl.GL30.nglMapBufferRange;
+import static org.lwjgl.opengl.GL31.glCopyBufferSubData;
 
-import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL20;
+import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
 
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.GlObject;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.versioned.GlCompat;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.error.GlError;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.error.GlException;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.memory.FlwMemoryTracker;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.memory.MemoryBlock;
 
-public abstract class GlBuffer extends GlObject {
-
-	/**
-	 * Request a Persistent mapped buffer.
-	 *
-	 * <p>
-	 *     If Persistent buffers are supported, this will provide one. Otherwise it will fall back to a classic mapped
-	 *     buffer.
-	 * </p>
-	 *
-	 * @param type The type of buffer you want.
-	 * @return A buffer that will be persistent if the driver supports it.
-	 */
-	public static GlBuffer requestPersistent(GlBufferType type) {
-		if (GlCompat.getInstance()
-                .bufferStorageSupported()) {
-			return new PersistentGlBuffer(type);
-		} else {
-			return new MappedGlBuffer(type);
-		}
-	}
+public class GlBuffer extends GlObject {
 
 	public final GlBufferType type;
-
+	protected final GlBufferUsage usage;
 	/**
 	 * The size (in bytes) of the buffer on the GPU.
 	 */
 	protected long size;
-
 	/**
 	 * How much extra room to give the buffer when we reallocate.
 	 */
 	protected int growthMargin;
 
 	public GlBuffer(GlBufferType type) {
-		setHandle(GL20.glGenBuffers());
+		this(type, GlBufferUsage.STATIC_DRAW);
+	}
+
+	public GlBuffer(GlBufferType type, GlBufferUsage usage) {
+		setHandle(glGenBuffers());
 		this.type = type;
+		this.usage = usage;
+	}
+
+	public boolean ensureCapacity(long size) {
+		if (size < 0) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Size " + size + " < 0");
+		}
+
+		if (size == 0) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		if (this.size == 0) {
+			this.size = size;
+			bind();
+			glBufferData(type.glEnum, size, usage.glEnum);
+			FlwMemoryTracker._allocGPUMemory(size);
+
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		if (size > this.size) {
+			var oldSize = this.size;
+			this.size = size + growthMargin;
+
+			realloc(oldSize, this.size);
+
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	private void realloc(long oldSize, long newSize) {
+		FlwMemoryTracker._freeGPUMemory(oldSize);
+		FlwMemoryTracker._allocGPUMemory(newSize);
+		var oldHandle = handle();
+		var newHandle = glGenBuffers();
+
+		GlBufferType.COPY_READ_BUFFER.bind(oldHandle);
+		type.bind(newHandle);
+
+		glBufferData(type.glEnum, newSize, usage.glEnum);
+		glCopyBufferSubData(GlBufferType.COPY_READ_BUFFER.glEnum, type.glEnum, 0, 0, oldSize);
+
+		glDeleteBuffers(oldHandle);
+		setHandle(newHandle);
+	}
+
+	public void upload(MemoryBlock directBuffer) {
+		bind();
+		FlwMemoryTracker._freeGPUMemory(size);
+		nglBufferData(type.glEnum, directBuffer.size(), directBuffer.ptr(), usage.glEnum);
+		this.size = directBuffer.size();
+		FlwMemoryTracker._allocGPUMemory(size);
+	}
+
+	public MappedBuffer map() {
+		bind();
+		long ptr = nglMapBufferRange(type.glEnum, 0, size, GL_MAP_WRITE_BIT);
+
+		if (ptr == MemoryUtil.NULL) {
+			throw new GlException(GlError.poll(), "Could not map buffer");
+		}
+
+		return new MappedBuffer(this, ptr, 0, size);
+	}
+
+	public boolean isPersistent() {
+		return false;
 	}
 
 	public void setGrowthMargin(int growthMargin) {
@@ -66,24 +128,8 @@ public abstract class GlBuffer extends GlObject {
 		type.unbind();
 	}
 
-	public abstract void upload(ByteBuffer directBuffer);
-
-	public abstract MappedBuffer map();
-
-	/**
-	 * Ensure that the buffer has at least enough room to store {@code size} bytes.
-	 *
-	 * @return {@code true} if the buffer moved.
-	 */
-	public abstract boolean ensureCapacity(long size);
-
 	protected void deleteInternal(int handle) {
-		GL20.glDeleteBuffers(handle);
+		glDeleteBuffers(handle);
+		FlwMemoryTracker._freeGPUMemory(size);
 	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Indicates that this buffer need not be #flush()'d for its contents to sync.
-	 * @return true if this buffer is persistently mapped.
-	 */
-	public abstract boolean isPersistent();
 }

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/gl/buffer/MappedBuffer.java

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer;
 
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import static org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil.NULL;
 
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL15;
 import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ public class MappedBuffer implements AutoCloseable {
 	private final long length;
 	private final GlBuffer owner;
 	private final boolean persistent;
-	private ByteBuffer internal;
+	private long ptr;
 
-	public MappedBuffer(GlBuffer owner, ByteBuffer internal, long offset, long length) {
-		this.internal = internal;
+	public MappedBuffer(GlBuffer owner, long ptr, long offset, long length) {
+		this.ptr = ptr;
 		this.owner = owner;
 		this.offset = offset;
 		this.length = length;
@@ -27,19 +27,11 @@ public class MappedBuffer implements AutoCloseable {
 	public void flush() {
 		if (persistent) return;
 
-		if (internal == null) return;
+		if (ptr == NULL) return;
 
 		owner.bind();
 		GL15.glUnmapBuffer(owner.getType().glEnum);
-		internal = null;
-	}
-
-	public MappedBuffer position(int p) {
-		if (p < offset || p >= offset + length) {
-			throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index " + p + " is not mapped");
-		}
-		internal.position(p - (int) offset);
-		return this;
+		ptr = NULL;
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -47,12 +39,8 @@ public class MappedBuffer implements AutoCloseable {
 		flush();
 	}
 
-	public ByteBuffer unwrap() {
-		return internal;
-	}
-
-	public long getMemAddress() {
-		return MemoryUtil.memAddress(internal);
+	public long getPtr() {
+		return ptr;
 	}
 
 	public void clear(long clearStart, long clearLength) {
@@ -64,7 +52,7 @@ public class MappedBuffer implements AutoCloseable {
 			throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Clear range [" + clearStart + "," + (clearStart + clearLength) + "] is not mapped");
 		}
 
-		long addr = MemoryUtil.memAddress(unwrap()) + clearStart;
+		long addr = ptr + clearStart;
 
 		MemoryUtil.memSet(addr, 0, clearLength);
 	}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/gl/buffer/MappedGlBuffer.java

@@ -1,91 +0,0 @@
-package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer;
-
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-
-import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL30;
-import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL32;
-
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.error.GlError;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.error.GlException;
-
-public class MappedGlBuffer extends GlBuffer {
-
-	protected final GlBufferUsage usage;
-
-	public MappedGlBuffer(GlBufferType type) {
-		this(type, GlBufferUsage.STATIC_DRAW);
-	}
-
-	public MappedGlBuffer(GlBufferType type, GlBufferUsage usage) {
-		super(type);
-		this.usage = usage;
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public boolean ensureCapacity(long size) {
-		if (size < 0) {
-			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Size " + size + " < 0");
-		}
-
-		if (size == 0) {
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		if (this.size == 0) {
-			this.size = size;
-			bind();
-			GL32.glBufferData(type.glEnum, size, usage.glEnum);
-
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		if (size > this.size) {
-			var oldSize = this.size;
-			this.size = size + growthMargin;
-
-			realloc(oldSize, this.size);
-
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		return false;
-	}
-
-	private void realloc(long oldSize, long newSize) {
-		var oldHandle = handle();
-		var newHandle = GL32.glGenBuffers();
-
-		GlBufferType.COPY_READ_BUFFER.bind(oldHandle);
-		type.bind(newHandle);
-
-		GL32.glBufferData(type.glEnum, newSize, usage.glEnum);
-		GL32.glCopyBufferSubData(GlBufferType.COPY_READ_BUFFER.glEnum, type.glEnum, 0, 0, oldSize);
-
-		delete();
-		setHandle(newHandle);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void upload(ByteBuffer directBuffer) {
-		bind();
-		GL32.glBufferData(type.glEnum, directBuffer, usage.glEnum);
-		this.size = directBuffer.capacity();
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public MappedBuffer map() {
-		bind();
-		ByteBuffer byteBuffer = GL30.glMapBufferRange(type.glEnum, 0, size, GL30.GL_MAP_WRITE_BIT);
-
-		if (byteBuffer == null) {
-			throw new GlException(GlError.poll(), "Could not map buffer");
-		}
-
-		return new MappedBuffer(this, byteBuffer, 0, size);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public boolean isPersistent() {
-		return false;
-	}
-}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/gl/buffer/PersistentGlBuffer.java

@@ -1,124 +0,0 @@
-package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer;
-
-import static org.lwjgl.opengl.GL30.GL_MAP_WRITE_BIT;
-import static org.lwjgl.opengl.GL44.GL_MAP_COHERENT_BIT;
-import static org.lwjgl.opengl.GL44.GL_MAP_PERSISTENT_BIT;
-
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-
-import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
-import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL32;
-import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
-
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.error.GlError;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.error.GlException;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.versioned.GlCompat;
-
-public class PersistentGlBuffer extends GlBuffer {
-
-	@Nullable
-	private MappedBuffer access;
-	private final int storageFlags;
-
-	public PersistentGlBuffer(GlBufferType type) {
-		super(type);
-
-		storageFlags = GL_MAP_WRITE_BIT | GL_MAP_PERSISTENT_BIT | GL_MAP_COHERENT_BIT;
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public boolean ensureCapacity(long size) {
-		if (size < 0) {
-			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Size " + size + " < 0");
-		}
-
-		if (size == 0) {
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		if (this.size == 0) {
-			this.size = size;
-			bind();
-			GlCompat.getInstance().bufferStorage.bufferStorage(type, this.size, storageFlags);
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		if (size > this.size) {
-			var oldSize = this.size;
-			this.size = size + growthMargin;
-
-			realloc(this.size, oldSize);
-
-			access = null;
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		return false;
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void upload(ByteBuffer directBuffer) {
-		ensureCapacity(directBuffer.capacity());
-
-		var access = getWriteAccess();
-
-		ByteBuffer ourBuffer = access.unwrap();
-
-		ourBuffer.reset();
-
-		MemoryUtil.memCopy(directBuffer, ourBuffer);
-
-		int uploadSize = directBuffer.remaining();
-		int ourSize = ourBuffer.capacity();
-
-		if (uploadSize < ourSize) {
-			long clearFrom = access.getMemAddress() + uploadSize;
-			MemoryUtil.memSet(clearFrom, 0, ourSize - uploadSize);
-		}
-	}
-
-	private void mapToClientMemory() {
-		bind();
-		ByteBuffer byteBuffer = GL32.glMapBufferRange(type.glEnum, 0, size, storageFlags);
-
-		if (byteBuffer == null) {
-			throw new GlException(GlError.poll(), "Could not map buffer");
-		}
-
-		access = new MappedBuffer(this, byteBuffer, 0, size);
-	}
-
-	private void realloc(long newSize, long oldSize) {
-		int oldHandle = handle();
-		int newHandle = GL32.glGenBuffers();
-
-		GlBufferType.COPY_READ_BUFFER.bind(oldHandle);
-		type.bind(newHandle);
-
-		GlCompat.getInstance().bufferStorage.bufferStorage(type, newSize, storageFlags);
-
-		GL32.glCopyBufferSubData(GlBufferType.COPY_READ_BUFFER.glEnum, type.glEnum, 0, 0, oldSize);
-
-		delete();
-		setHandle(newHandle);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public MappedBuffer map() {
-		return getWriteAccess()
-				.position(0);
-	}
-
-	private MappedBuffer getWriteAccess() {
-		if (access == null) {
-			mapToClientMemory();
-		}
-
-		return access;
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public boolean isPersistent() {
-		return true;
-	}
-}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/gl/versioned/GlCompat.java

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL20C;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GLCapabilities;
 import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryStack;
-import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
 
 import net.minecraft.Util;
 
@@ -78,7 +77,7 @@ public class GlCompat {
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Copied from:
+	 * Modified from:
 	 * <br> <a href="https://github.com/grondag/canvas/commit/820bf754092ccaf8d0c169620c2ff575722d7d96">canvas</a>
 	 *
 	 * <p>Identical in function to {@link GL20C#glShaderSource(int, CharSequence)} but
@@ -90,18 +89,11 @@ public class GlCompat {
 	 * <p>Hat tip to fewizz for the find and the fix.
 	 */
 	public static void safeShaderSource(int glId, CharSequence source) {
-		final MemoryStack stack = MemoryStack.stackGet();
-		final int stackPointer = stack.getPointer();
-
-		try {
-			final ByteBuffer sourceBuffer = MemoryUtil.memUTF8(source, true);
+		try (MemoryStack stack = MemoryStack.stackPush()) {
+			final ByteBuffer sourceBuffer = stack.UTF8(source, true);
 			final PointerBuffer pointers = stack.mallocPointer(1);
 			pointers.put(sourceBuffer);
-
 			GL20C.nglShaderSource(glId, 1, pointers.address0(), 0);
-			org.lwjgl.system.APIUtil.apiArrayFree(pointers.address0(), 1);
-		} finally {
-			stack.setPointer(stackPointer);
 		}
 	}
 

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/AbstractInstancer.java

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import java.util.List;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instancer.InstancedPart;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instancer.Instancer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.struct.StructType;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.struct.StructWriter;
 
 public abstract class AbstractInstancer<D extends InstancedPart> implements Instancer<D> {
 
@@ -114,22 +113,6 @@ public abstract class AbstractInstancer<D extends InstancedPart> implements Inst
 		return instanceData;
 	}
 
-	protected void writeChangedUnchecked(StructWriter<D> writer) {
-		boolean sequential = true;
-		for (int i = 0; i < data.size(); i++) {
-			final D element = data.get(i);
-			if (element.checkDirtyAndClear()) {
-				if (!sequential) {
-					writer.seek(i);
-				}
-				writer.write(element);
-				sequential = true;
-			} else {
-				sequential = false;
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
 	public abstract void delete();
 
 	@Override

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/InstanceWorld.java

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ import net.minecraft.world.level.block.entity.BlockEntity;
  *     The instancer manager is shared between the different instance managers.
  * </p>
  */
-public class InstanceWorld {
+public class InstanceWorld implements AutoCloseable {
 	protected final Engine engine;
 	protected final InstanceManager<Entity> entities;
 	protected final InstanceManager<BlockEntity> blockEntities;
@@ -148,4 +148,8 @@ public class InstanceWorld {
 				.forEach(entities::add);
 	}
 
+	@Override
+	public void close() {
+		delete();
+	}
 }

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/batching/BatchingEngine.java

@@ -13,9 +13,7 @@ import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.InstanceManager;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.TaskEngine;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.RenderContext;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.FlwUtil;
-import com.mojang.blaze3d.platform.Lighting;
 import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.PoseStack;
-import com.mojang.math.Matrix4f;
 
 import net.minecraft.client.Camera;
 import net.minecraft.client.multiplayer.ClientLevel;
@@ -68,19 +66,11 @@ public class BatchingEngine implements Engine {
 	@Override
 	public void renderStage(TaskEngine taskEngine, RenderContext context, RenderStage stage) {
 		// FIXME: properly support material stages
+		// This also breaks block outlines on batched block entities
 		if (stage != RenderStage.AFTER_FINAL_END_BATCH) {
 			return;
 		}
 
-		// FIXME: this probably breaks some vanilla stuff but it works much better for flywheel
-		Matrix4f mat = new Matrix4f();
-		mat.setIdentity();
-		if (context.level().effects().constantAmbientLight()) {
-			Lighting.setupNetherLevel(mat);
-		} else {
-			Lighting.setupLevel(mat);
-		}
-
 		batchTracker.endBatch();
 	}
 

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/batching/DrawBuffer.java

@@ -2,28 +2,35 @@ package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.batching;
 
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 
-import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
-
-import com.mojang.blaze3d.platform.MemoryTracker;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.ReusableVertexList;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexListProvider;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.memory.MemoryBlock;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.vertex.VertexListProviderRegistry;
+import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.VertexFormat;
 
 import net.minecraft.client.renderer.RenderType;
 
 /**
- * A byte buffer that can be used to draw vertices through multiple {@link MutableVertexListImpl}s.
+ * A byte buffer that can be used to draw vertices through multiple {@link ReusableVertexList}s.
  *
  * The number of vertices needs to be known ahead of time.
  */
 public class DrawBuffer {
 	private final RenderType parent;
-	private final VertexFormatInfo formatInfo;
+	private final VertexFormat format;
+	private final int stride;
+	private final VertexListProvider provider;
+
+	private MemoryBlock memory;
+	private ByteBuffer buffer;
 
-	private ByteBuffer backingBuffer;
 	private int expectedVertices;
-	private long ptr;
 
 	public DrawBuffer(RenderType parent) {
 		this.parent = parent;
-		formatInfo = new VertexFormatInfo(parent.format());
+		format = parent.format();
+		stride = format.getVertexSize();
+		provider = VertexListProviderRegistry.getOrInfer(format);
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -33,29 +40,32 @@ public class DrawBuffer {
 	 */
 	public void prepare(int vertexCount) {
 		if (expectedVertices != 0) {
-			throw new IllegalStateException("Already drawing");
+			throw new IllegalStateException("Already drawing!");
 		}
 
 		this.expectedVertices = vertexCount;
 
 		// Add one extra vertex to uphold the vanilla assumption that BufferBuilders have at least
-		// enough buffer space for one more vertex. Sodium checks for this extra space when popNextBuffer
+		// enough buffer space for one more vertex. Rubidium checks for this extra space when popNextBuffer
 		// is called and reallocates the buffer if there is not space for one more vertex.
-		int byteSize = formatInfo.stride * (vertexCount + 1);
+		int byteSize = stride * (vertexCount + 1);
 
-		if (backingBuffer == null) {
-			backingBuffer = MemoryTracker.create(byteSize);
-		} else if (byteSize > backingBuffer.capacity()) {
-			backingBuffer = MemoryTracker.resize(backingBuffer, byteSize);
+		if (memory == null) {
+			memory = MemoryBlock.malloc(byteSize);
+			buffer = memory.asBuffer();
+		} else if (byteSize > memory.size()) {
+			memory = memory.realloc(byteSize);
+			buffer = memory.asBuffer();
 		}
 
-		backingBuffer.clear();
-		ptr = MemoryUtil.memAddress(backingBuffer);
-		MemoryUtil.memSet(ptr, 0, byteSize);
+		memory.clear();
 	}
 
-	public MutableVertexListImpl slice(int startVertex, int vertexCount) {
-		return new MutableVertexListImpl(ptr + startVertex * formatInfo.stride, formatInfo, vertexCount);
+	public ReusableVertexList slice(int startVertex, int vertexCount) {
+		ReusableVertexList vertexList = provider.createVertexList();
+		vertexList.ptr(memory.ptr() + startVertex * stride);
+		vertexList.setVertexCount(vertexCount);
+		return vertexList;
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -63,7 +73,8 @@ public class DrawBuffer {
 	 * @param bufferBuilder The buffer builder to inject into.
 	 */
 	public void inject(BufferBuilderExtension bufferBuilder) {
-		bufferBuilder.flywheel$injectForRender(backingBuffer, formatInfo.format, expectedVertices);
+		buffer.clear();
+		bufferBuilder.flywheel$injectForRender(buffer, format, expectedVertices);
 	}
 
 	public int getVertexCount() {
@@ -78,11 +89,16 @@ public class DrawBuffer {
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Reset the draw buffer to have no vertices.
+	 * Reset the draw buffer to have no vertices.<p>
 	 *
 	 * Does not clear the backing buffer.
 	 */
 	public void reset() {
 		this.expectedVertices = 0;
 	}
+
+	public void free() {
+		buffer = null;
+		memory.free();
+	}
 }

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/batching/MutableVertexListImpl.java

@@ -1,206 +0,0 @@
-package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.batching;
-
-import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
-
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.MutableVertexList;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.RenderMath;
-
-public class MutableVertexListImpl extends VertexFormatInfo implements MutableVertexList {
-	private final long anchorPtr;
-	private final int totalVertexCount;
-
-	private long ptr;
-	private int vertexCount;
-
-	public MutableVertexListImpl(long ptr, VertexFormatInfo formatInfo, int vertexCount) {
-		super(formatInfo);
-
-		anchorPtr = ptr;
-		totalVertexCount = vertexCount;
-
-		setFullRange();
-	}
-
-	public void setRange(int startVertex, int vertexCount) {
-		ptr = anchorPtr + startVertex * stride;
-		this.vertexCount = vertexCount;
-	}
-
-	public void setFullRange() {
-		ptr = anchorPtr;
-		vertexCount = totalVertexCount;
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public float x(int index) {
-		if (positionOffset < 0) return 0;
-		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(ptr + index * stride + positionOffset);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public float y(int index) {
-		if (positionOffset < 0) return 0;
-		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(ptr + index * stride + positionOffset + 4);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public float z(int index) {
-		if (positionOffset < 0) return 0;
-		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(ptr + index * stride + positionOffset + 8);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public byte r(int index) {
-		if (colorOffset < 0) return 0;
-		return MemoryUtil.memGetByte(ptr + index * stride + colorOffset);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public byte g(int index) {
-		if (colorOffset < 0) return 0;
-		return MemoryUtil.memGetByte(ptr + index * stride + colorOffset + 1);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public byte b(int index) {
-		if (colorOffset < 0) return 0;
-		return MemoryUtil.memGetByte(ptr + index * stride + colorOffset + 2);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public byte a(int index) {
-		if (colorOffset < 0) return 0;
-		return MemoryUtil.memGetByte(ptr + index * stride + colorOffset + 3);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public float u(int index) {
-		if (textureOffset < 0) return 0;
-		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(ptr + index * stride + textureOffset);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public float v(int index) {
-		if (textureOffset < 0) return 0;
-		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(ptr + index * stride + textureOffset + 4);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public int overlay(int index) {
-		if (overlayOffset < 0) return 0;
-		return MemoryUtil.memGetInt(ptr + index * stride + overlayOffset);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public int light(int index) {
-		if (lightOffset < 0) return 0;
-		return MemoryUtil.memGetInt(ptr + index * stride + lightOffset);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public float normalX(int index) {
-		if (normalOffset < 0) return 0;
-		return RenderMath.f(MemoryUtil.memGetByte(ptr + index * stride + normalOffset));
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public float normalY(int index) {
-		if (normalOffset < 0) return 0;
-		return RenderMath.f(MemoryUtil.memGetByte(ptr + index * stride + normalOffset + 1));
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public float normalZ(int index) {
-		if (normalOffset < 0) return 0;
-		return RenderMath.f(MemoryUtil.memGetByte(ptr + index * stride + normalOffset + 2));
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public int getVertexCount() {
-		return vertexCount;
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void x(int index, float x) {
-		if (positionOffset < 0) return;
-		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr + index * stride + positionOffset, x);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void y(int index, float y) {
-		if (positionOffset < 0) return;
-		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr + index * stride + positionOffset + 4, y);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void z(int index, float z) {
-		if (positionOffset < 0) return;
-		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr + index * stride + positionOffset + 8, z);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void r(int index, byte r) {
-		if (colorOffset < 0) return;
-		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + index * stride + colorOffset, r);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void g(int index, byte g) {
-		if (colorOffset < 0) return;
-		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + index * stride + colorOffset + 1, g);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void b(int index, byte b) {
-		if (colorOffset < 0) return;
-		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + index * stride + colorOffset + 2, b);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void a(int index, byte a) {
-		if (colorOffset < 0) return;
-		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + index * stride + colorOffset + 3, a);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void u(int index, float u) {
-		if (textureOffset < 0) return;
-		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr + index * stride + textureOffset, u);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void v(int index, float v) {
-		if (textureOffset < 0) return;
-		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr + index * stride + textureOffset + 4, v);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void overlay(int index, int overlay) {
-		if (overlayOffset < 0) return;
-		MemoryUtil.memPutInt(ptr + index * stride + overlayOffset, overlay);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void light(int index, int light) {
-		if (lightOffset < 0) return;
-		MemoryUtil.memPutInt(ptr + index * stride + lightOffset, light);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void normalX(int index, float normalX) {
-		if (normalOffset < 0) return;
-		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + index * stride + normalOffset, RenderMath.nb(normalX));
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void normalY(int index, float normalY) {
-		if (normalOffset < 0) return;
-		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + index * stride + normalOffset + 1, RenderMath.nb(normalY));
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void normalZ(int index, float normalZ) {
-		if (normalOffset < 0) return;
-		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + index * stride + normalOffset + 2, RenderMath.nb(normalZ));
-	}
-}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/batching/TransformSet.java

@@ -5,9 +5,8 @@ import java.util.List;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instancer.InstancedPart;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.material.Material;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.struct.StructType;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.struct.StructType.VertexTransformer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.MutableVertexList;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexList;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.ReusableVertexList;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.TaskEngine;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.Mesh;
 import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.PoseStack;
@@ -49,80 +48,50 @@ public class TransformSet<D extends InstancedPart> {
 			int start = Math.max(instances, 0);
 
 			int vertexCount = mesh.getVertexCount() * (end - start);
-			MutableVertexListImpl sub = buffer.slice(startVertex, vertexCount);
+			ReusableVertexList sub = buffer.slice(startVertex, vertexCount);
 			startVertex += vertexCount;
 
 			pool.submit(() -> drawRange(sub, start, end, stack, level));
 		}
 	}
 
-	private void drawRange(MutableVertexListImpl vertexList, int from, int to, PoseStack stack, ClientLevel level) {
+	private void drawRange(ReusableVertexList vertexList, int from, int to, PoseStack stack, ClientLevel level) {
 		drawList(vertexList, instancer.getRange(from, to), stack, level);
 	}
 
-	void drawAll(MutableVertexListImpl vertexList, PoseStack stack, ClientLevel level) {
+	void drawAll(ReusableVertexList vertexList, PoseStack stack, ClientLevel level) {
 		drawList(vertexList, instancer.getAll(), stack, level);
 	}
 
-	private void drawList(MutableVertexListImpl vertexList, List<D> list, PoseStack stack, ClientLevel level) {
-		int startVertex = 0;
-		int meshVertexCount = mesh.getVertexCount();
+	private void drawList(ReusableVertexList vertexList, List<D> list, PoseStack stack, ClientLevel level) {
+		long anchorPtr = vertexList.ptr();
+		int totalVertexCount = vertexList.getVertexCount();
 
-		VertexList meshReader = mesh.getReader();
-		@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
-		StructType.VertexTransformer<D> structVertexTransformer = (VertexTransformer<D>) instancer.type.getVertexTransformer();
+		int meshVertexCount = mesh.getVertexCount();
+		vertexList.setVertexCount(meshVertexCount);
+
+		StructType.VertexTransformer<D> structVertexTransformer = instancer.type.getVertexTransformer();
 
 		for (D d : list) {
-			vertexList.setRange(startVertex, meshVertexCount);
-
-			writeMesh(vertexList, meshReader);
+			mesh.write(vertexList);
 
 			structVertexTransformer.transform(vertexList, d, level);
 
-			startVertex += meshVertexCount;
+			vertexList.shiftPtr(meshVertexCount);
 		}
 
-		vertexList.setFullRange();
+		vertexList.ptr(anchorPtr);
+		vertexList.setVertexCount(totalVertexCount);
 		material.getVertexTransformer().transform(vertexList, level);
-		applyPoseStack(vertexList, stack, false);
+		applyPoseStack(vertexList, stack);
 	}
 
-	// TODO: remove this
-	// The VertexWriter API and VertexFormat conversion needs to be rewritten to make this unnecessary
-	private static void writeMesh(MutableVertexList vertexList, VertexList meshReader) {
-		for (int i = 0; i < meshReader.getVertexCount(); i++) {
-			vertexList.x(i, meshReader.x(i));
-			vertexList.y(i, meshReader.y(i));
-			vertexList.z(i, meshReader.z(i));
-
-			vertexList.r(i, meshReader.r(i));
-			vertexList.g(i, meshReader.g(i));
-			vertexList.b(i, meshReader.b(i));
-			vertexList.a(i, meshReader.a(i));
-
-			vertexList.u(i, meshReader.u(i));
-			vertexList.v(i, meshReader.v(i));
-
-			vertexList.overlay(i, meshReader.overlay(i));
-			vertexList.light(i, meshReader.light(i));
-
-			vertexList.normalX(i, meshReader.normalX(i));
-			vertexList.normalY(i, meshReader.normalY(i));
-			vertexList.normalZ(i, meshReader.normalZ(i));
-		}
-	}
-
-	private static void applyPoseStack(MutableVertexList vertexList, PoseStack stack, boolean applyNormalMatrix) {
+	private static void applyPoseStack(MutableVertexList vertexList, PoseStack stack) {
 		Vector4f pos = new Vector4f();
 		Vector3f normal = new Vector3f();
 
 		Matrix4f modelMatrix = stack.last().pose();
-		Matrix3f normalMatrix;
-		if (applyNormalMatrix) {
-			normalMatrix = stack.last().normal();
-		} else {
-			normalMatrix = null;
-		}
+		Matrix3f normalMatrix = stack.last().normal();
 
 		for (int i = 0; i < vertexList.getVertexCount(); i++) {
 			pos.set(
@@ -136,7 +105,6 @@ public class TransformSet<D extends InstancedPart> {
 			vertexList.y(i, pos.y());
 			vertexList.z(i, pos.z());
 
-			if (applyNormalMatrix) {
 			normal.set(
 					vertexList.normalX(i),
 					vertexList.normalY(i),
@@ -149,7 +117,6 @@ public class TransformSet<D extends InstancedPart> {
 			vertexList.normalZ(i, normal.z());
 		}
 	}
-	}
 
 	public int getTotalVertexCount() {
 		return mesh.getVertexCount() * instancer.getInstanceCount();

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/blockentity/BlockEntityInstance.java

@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instancer.InstancerFactory;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instancer.InstancerManager;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.AbstractInstance;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.StructTypes;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.model.TransformedPart;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.oriented.OrientedPart;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.transformed.TransformedPart;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.box.GridAlignedBB;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.box.ImmutableBox;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.joml.FrustumIntersection;

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/indirect/IndirectMeshPool.java

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
 
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexType;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.instancing.ElementBuffer;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.memory.MemoryBlock;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.Mesh;
 
 public class IndirectMeshPool {
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ public class IndirectMeshPool {
 	final VertexType vertexType;
 
 	final int vbo;
-	private final ByteBuffer clientStorage;
+	private final MemoryBlock clientStorage;
 
 	private boolean dirty;
 
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ public class IndirectMeshPool {
 		vbo = glCreateBuffers();
 		var byteCapacity = type.byteOffset(vertexCapacity);
 		glNamedBufferStorage(vbo, byteCapacity, GL_DYNAMIC_STORAGE_BIT);
-		clientStorage = MemoryUtil.memAlloc(byteCapacity);
+		clientStorage = MemoryBlock.malloc(byteCapacity);
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -65,24 +66,25 @@ public class IndirectMeshPool {
 		}
 		dirty = false;
 
+		final long ptr = clientStorage.ptr();
+
 		int byteIndex = 0;
 		int baseVertex = 0;
 		for (BufferedMesh model : meshList) {
 			model.byteIndex = byteIndex;
 			model.baseVertex = baseVertex;
 
-			model.buffer(clientStorage);
+			model.buffer(ptr);
 
 			byteIndex += model.getByteSize();
 			baseVertex += model.mesh.getVertexCount();
 		}
 
-		clientStorage.rewind();
-
-		glNamedBufferSubData(vbo, 0, clientStorage);
+		nglNamedBufferSubData(vbo, 0, byteIndex, ptr);
 	}
 
 	public void delete() {
+		clientStorage.free();
 		glDeleteBuffers(vbo);
 		meshes.clear();
 		meshList.clear();
@@ -101,10 +103,8 @@ public class IndirectMeshPool {
 			vertexCount = mesh.getVertexCount();
 		}
 
-		private void buffer(ByteBuffer buffer) {
-			var writer = IndirectMeshPool.this.vertexType.createWriter(buffer);
-			writer.seek(this.byteIndex);
-			writer.writeVertexList(this.mesh.getReader());
+		private void buffer(long ptr) {
+			this.mesh.write(ptr + byteIndex);
 		}
 
 		public int getByteSize() {

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/instancing/GPUInstancer.java

@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ import java.util.Set;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.Flywheel;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instancer.InstancedPart;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.struct.StructType;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.struct.StructWriter;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.array.GlVertexArray;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.GlBuffer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.GlBufferType;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.GlBufferUsage;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.MappedBuffer;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.MappedGlBuffer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.AbstractInstancer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.layout.BufferLayout;
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ public class GPUInstancer<D extends InstancedPart> extends AbstractInstancer<D>
 	public void init() {
 		if (vbo != null) return;
 
-		vbo = new MappedGlBuffer(GlBufferType.ARRAY_BUFFER, GlBufferUsage.DYNAMIC_DRAW);
+		vbo = new GlBuffer(GlBufferType.ARRAY_BUFFER, GlBufferUsage.DYNAMIC_DRAW);
 		vbo.setGrowthMargin(instanceFormat.getStride() * 16);
 	}
 
@@ -88,7 +88,16 @@ public class GPUInstancer<D extends InstancedPart> extends AbstractInstancer<D>
 			buf.clear(clearStart, clearLength);
 
 			if (size > 0) {
-				writeChangedUnchecked(structType.getWriter(buf.unwrap()));
+				final long ptr = buf.getPtr();
+				final long stride = structType.getLayout().getStride();
+				final StructWriter<D> writer = structType.getWriter();
+
+				for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+					final D element = data.get(i);
+					if (element.checkDirtyAndClear()) {
+						writer.write(ptr + i * stride, element);
+					}
+				}
 			}
 		} catch (Exception e) {
 			Flywheel.LOGGER.error("Error updating GPUInstancer:", e);

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/instancing/instancing/MeshPool.java

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.instancing;
 
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.HashSet;
@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@ import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.array.GlVertexArray;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.GlBuffer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.GlBufferType;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.MappedBuffer;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.MappedGlBuffer;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.layout.BufferLayout;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.Mesh;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.vertex.Formats;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.event.ReloadRenderersEvent;
@@ -27,7 +26,7 @@ public class MeshPool {
 
 	private static MeshPool allocator;
 
-	static MeshPool getInstance() {
+	public static MeshPool getInstance() {
 		if (allocator == null) {
 			allocator = new MeshPool();
 		}
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@ public class MeshPool {
 	 * Create a new mesh pool.
 	 */
 	public MeshPool() {
-		vbo = new MappedGlBuffer(GlBufferType.ARRAY_BUFFER);
+		vbo = new GlBuffer(GlBufferType.ARRAY_BUFFER);
 
 		vbo.setGrowthMargin(2048);
 	}
@@ -71,9 +70,8 @@ public class MeshPool {
 	 */
 	public BufferedMesh alloc(Mesh mesh) {
 		return meshes.computeIfAbsent(mesh, m -> {
-			// FIXME: culling experiments fixing everything to Formats.BLOCK
-			BufferedMesh bufferedModel = new BufferedMesh(Formats.BLOCK, m, byteSize, vertexCount);
-			byteSize += bufferedModel.getByteSize();
+			BufferedMesh bufferedModel = new BufferedMesh(m, byteSize, vertexCount);
+			byteSize += m.size();
 			vertexCount += bufferedModel.mesh.getVertexCount();
 			allBuffered.add(bufferedModel);
 			pendingUpload.add(bufferedModel);
@@ -147,7 +145,7 @@ public class MeshPool {
 
 	private void uploadAll() {
 		try (MappedBuffer mapped = vbo.map()) {
-			ByteBuffer buffer = mapped.unwrap();
+			long ptr = mapped.getPtr();
 
 			int byteIndex = 0;
 			int baseVertex = 0;
@@ -155,26 +153,26 @@ public class MeshPool {
 				model.byteIndex = byteIndex;
 				model.baseVertex = baseVertex;
 
-				model.buffer(buffer);
+				model.buffer(ptr);
 
 				byteIndex += model.getByteSize();
 				baseVertex += model.mesh.getVertexCount();
 			}
 
 		} catch (Exception e) {
-			Flywheel.LOGGER.error("Error uploading pooled models:", e);
+			Flywheel.LOGGER.error("Error uploading pooled meshes:", e);
 		}
 	}
 
 	private void uploadPending() {
 		try (MappedBuffer mapped = vbo.map()) {
-			ByteBuffer buffer = mapped.unwrap();
+			long buffer = mapped.getPtr();
 			for (BufferedMesh model : pendingUpload) {
 				model.buffer(buffer);
 			}
 			pendingUpload.clear();
 		} catch (Exception e) {
-			Flywheel.LOGGER.error("Error uploading pooled models:", e);
+			Flywheel.LOGGER.error("Error uploading pooled meshes:", e);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -207,14 +205,6 @@ public class MeshPool {
 			this.type = mesh.getVertexType();
 		}
 
-		public BufferedMesh(VertexType type, Mesh mesh, long byteIndex, int baseVertex) {
-			this.mesh = mesh;
-			this.byteIndex = byteIndex;
-			this.baseVertex = baseVertex;
-			this.ebo = mesh.createEBO();
-			this.type = type;
-		}
-
 		public void drawCall(GlVertexArray vao) {
 			drawInstances(vao, 1);
 		}
@@ -228,7 +218,7 @@ public class MeshPool {
 		}
 
 		private boolean hasAnythingToRender() {
-			return mesh.getVertexCount() <= 0 || isDeleted();
+			return mesh.isEmpty() || isDeleted();
 		}
 
 		private void draw(int instanceCount) {
@@ -258,10 +248,8 @@ public class MeshPool {
 			this.deleted = true;
 		}
 
-		private void buffer(ByteBuffer buffer) {
-			var writer = type.createWriter(buffer);
-			writer.seek(this.byteIndex);
-			writer.writeVertexList(this.mesh.getReader());
+		private void buffer(long ptr) {
+			this.mesh.write(ptr + byteIndex);
 
 			this.boundTo.clear();
 			this.gpuResident = true;

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/memory/FlwMemoryTracker.java

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.memory;
+
+import java.lang.ref.Cleaner;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+
+import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
+
+public class FlwMemoryTracker {
+	static final Cleaner CLEANER = Cleaner.create();
+
+	private static long cpuMemory = 0;
+	private static long gpuMemory = 0;
+
+	public static long malloc(long size) {
+		long ptr = MemoryUtil.nmemAlloc(size);
+		if (ptr == MemoryUtil.NULL) {
+			throw new OutOfMemoryError("Failed to allocate " + size + " bytes");
+		}
+		return ptr;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @deprecated Use {@link MemoryBlock#malloc(long)} or {@link MemoryBlock#mallocTracked(long)} and
+	 * {@link MemoryBlock#asBuffer()} instead. This method should only be used if specifically a {@linkplain ByteBuffer} is needed and it is
+	 * short-lived.
+	 */
+	@Deprecated
+	public static ByteBuffer mallocBuffer(int size) {
+		ByteBuffer buffer = MemoryUtil.memByteBuffer(malloc(size), size);
+		_allocCPUMemory(buffer.capacity());
+		return buffer;
+	}
+
+	public static long calloc(long num, long size) {
+		long ptr = MemoryUtil.nmemCalloc(num, size);
+		if (ptr == MemoryUtil.NULL) {
+			throw new OutOfMemoryError("Failed to allocate " + num + " elements of size " + size + " bytes");
+		}
+		return ptr;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @deprecated Use {@link MemoryBlock#calloc(long, long)} or {@link MemoryBlock#callocTracked(long, long)} and
+	 * {@link MemoryBlock#asBuffer()} instead. This method should only be used if specifically a {@linkplain ByteBuffer} is needed and it is
+	 * short-lived.
+	 */
+	@Deprecated
+	public static ByteBuffer callocBuffer(int num, int size) {
+		ByteBuffer buffer = MemoryUtil.memByteBuffer(calloc(num, size), num * size);
+		_allocCPUMemory(buffer.capacity());
+		return buffer;
+	}
+
+	public static long realloc(long ptr, long size) {
+		ptr = MemoryUtil.nmemRealloc(ptr, size);
+		if (ptr == MemoryUtil.NULL) {
+			throw new OutOfMemoryError("Failed to reallocate " + size + " bytes for address 0x" + Long.toHexString(ptr));
+		}
+		return ptr;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @deprecated Use {@link MemoryBlock#realloc(long)} or {@link MemoryBlock#reallocTracked(long)} instead. This method
+	 * should only be used if specifically a {@linkplain ByteBuffer} is needed and it is short-lived.
+	 */
+	@Deprecated
+	public static ByteBuffer reallocBuffer(ByteBuffer buffer, int size) {
+		ByteBuffer newBuffer = MemoryUtil.memByteBuffer(realloc(MemoryUtil.memAddress(buffer), size), size);
+		_freeCPUMemory(buffer.capacity());
+		_allocCPUMemory(newBuffer.capacity());
+		return newBuffer;
+	}
+
+	public static void free(long ptr) {
+		MemoryUtil.nmemFree(ptr);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @deprecated Use {@link MemoryBlock#free} instead. This method should only be used if specifically a {@linkplain ByteBuffer} is needed and
+	 * it is short-lived.
+	 */
+	@Deprecated
+	public static void freeBuffer(ByteBuffer buffer) {
+		free(MemoryUtil.memAddress(buffer));
+		_freeCPUMemory(buffer.capacity());
+	}
+
+	public static void _allocCPUMemory(long size) {
+		cpuMemory += size;
+	}
+
+	public static void _freeCPUMemory(long size) {
+		cpuMemory -= size;
+	}
+
+	public static void _allocGPUMemory(long size) {
+		gpuMemory += size;
+	}
+
+	public static void _freeGPUMemory(long size) {
+		gpuMemory -= size;
+	}
+
+	public static long getCPUMemory() {
+		return cpuMemory;
+	}
+
+	public static long getGPUMemory() {
+		return gpuMemory;
+	}
+}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/memory/MemoryBlock.java

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.memory;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+
+public sealed interface MemoryBlock permits MemoryBlockImpl {
+	long ptr();
+
+	long size();
+
+	boolean isFreed();
+
+	boolean isTracked();
+
+	void copyTo(long ptr, long bytes);
+
+	void copyTo(long ptr);
+
+	void clear();
+
+	ByteBuffer asBuffer();
+
+	MemoryBlock realloc(long size);
+
+	MemoryBlock reallocTracked(long size);
+
+	void free();
+
+	static MemoryBlock malloc(long size) {
+		return MemoryBlockImpl.mallocBlock(size);
+	}
+
+	static MemoryBlock mallocTracked(long size) {
+		return TrackedMemoryBlockImpl.mallocBlockTracked(size);
+	}
+
+	static MemoryBlock calloc(long num, long size) {
+		return MemoryBlockImpl.callocBlock(num, size);
+	}
+
+	static MemoryBlock callocTracked(long num, long size) {
+		return TrackedMemoryBlockImpl.callocBlockTracked(num, size);
+	}
+}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/memory/MemoryBlockImpl.java

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.memory;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+
+import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
+
+sealed class MemoryBlockImpl implements MemoryBlock permits TrackedMemoryBlockImpl {
+	final long ptr;
+	final long size;
+
+	boolean freed;
+
+	MemoryBlockImpl(long ptr, long size) {
+		this.ptr = ptr;
+		this.size = size;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public long ptr() {
+		return ptr;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public long size() {
+		return size;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean isFreed() {
+		return freed;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean isTracked() {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void copyTo(long ptr, long bytes) {
+		MemoryUtil.memCopy(this.ptr, ptr, bytes);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void copyTo(long ptr) {
+		copyTo(ptr, size);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void clear() {
+		MemoryUtil.memSet(ptr, 0, size);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public ByteBuffer asBuffer() {
+		int intSize = (int) size;
+		if (intSize != size) {
+			throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Cannot create buffer with long capacity!");
+		}
+		return MemoryUtil.memByteBuffer(ptr, intSize);
+	}
+
+	void freeInner() {
+		FlwMemoryTracker._freeCPUMemory(size);
+		freed = true;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public MemoryBlock realloc(long size) {
+		MemoryBlock block = new MemoryBlockImpl(FlwMemoryTracker.realloc(ptr, size), size);
+		FlwMemoryTracker._allocCPUMemory(block.size());
+		freeInner();
+		return block;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public MemoryBlock reallocTracked(long size) {
+		MemoryBlock block = new TrackedMemoryBlockImpl(FlwMemoryTracker.realloc(ptr, size), size, FlwMemoryTracker.CLEANER);
+		FlwMemoryTracker._allocCPUMemory(block.size());
+		freeInner();
+		return block;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void free() {
+		FlwMemoryTracker.free(ptr);
+		freeInner();
+	}
+
+	static MemoryBlock mallocBlock(long size) {
+		MemoryBlock block = new MemoryBlockImpl(FlwMemoryTracker.malloc(size), size);
+		FlwMemoryTracker._allocCPUMemory(block.size());
+		return block;
+	}
+
+	static MemoryBlock callocBlock(long num, long size) {
+		MemoryBlock block = new MemoryBlockImpl(FlwMemoryTracker.calloc(num, size), num * size);
+		FlwMemoryTracker._allocCPUMemory(block.size());
+		return block;
+	}
+}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/memory/TrackedMemoryBlockImpl.java

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.memory;
+
+import java.lang.ref.Cleaner;
+
+final class TrackedMemoryBlockImpl extends MemoryBlockImpl {
+	final CleaningAction cleaningAction;
+	final Cleaner.Cleanable cleanable;
+
+	TrackedMemoryBlockImpl(long ptr, long size, Cleaner cleaner) {
+		super(ptr, size);
+		cleaningAction = new CleaningAction(ptr, size);
+		cleanable = cleaner.register(this, cleaningAction);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean isTracked() {
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	void freeInner() {
+		super.freeInner();
+		cleaningAction.freed = true;
+		cleanable.clean();
+	}
+
+	static MemoryBlock mallocBlockTracked(long size) {
+		MemoryBlock block = new TrackedMemoryBlockImpl(FlwMemoryTracker.malloc(size), size, FlwMemoryTracker.CLEANER);
+		FlwMemoryTracker._allocCPUMemory(block.size());
+		return block;
+	}
+
+	static MemoryBlock callocBlockTracked(long num, long size) {
+		MemoryBlock block = new TrackedMemoryBlockImpl(FlwMemoryTracker.calloc(num, size), num * size, FlwMemoryTracker.CLEANER);
+		FlwMemoryTracker._allocCPUMemory(block.size());
+		return block;
+	}
+
+	static class CleaningAction implements Runnable {
+		final long ptr;
+		final long size;
+
+		boolean freed;
+
+		CleaningAction(long ptr, long size) {
+			this.ptr = ptr;
+			this.size = size;
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public void run() {
+			if (!freed) {
+				FlwMemoryTracker.free(ptr);
+				FlwMemoryTracker._freeCPUMemory(size);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/struct/BufferWriter.java

@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.struct;
-
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instancer.InstancedPart;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.struct.StructType;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.struct.StructWriter;
-
-public abstract class BufferWriter<S extends InstancedPart> implements StructWriter<S> {
-	protected final ByteBuffer backingBuffer;
-
-	protected final int stride;
-
-	protected BufferWriter(StructType<S> structType, ByteBuffer byteBuffer) {
-		this.backingBuffer = byteBuffer;
-
-		this.stride = structType.getLayout().getStride();
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public final void write(S struct) {
-		writeInternal(struct);
-		advance();
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Advances the write pointer forward by the stride of one vertex.
-	 * This will always be called after a struct is written, implementors need not call it themselves.
-	 *
-	 * @see #write
-	 */
-	protected abstract void advance();
-
-	protected abstract void writeInternal(S s);
-
-	@Override
-	public void seek(int pos) {
-		backingBuffer.position(pos * stride);
-	}
-}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/backend/struct/UnsafeBufferWriter.java

@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.struct;
-
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-
-import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
-
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.instancer.InstancedPart;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.struct.StructType;
-
-/**
- * This class copied/adapted from jellysquid's
- *
- * An unsafe {@link BufferWriter} implementation which uses direct memory operations to enable fast blitting of
- * data into memory buffers. Only available on JVMs which support {@link sun.misc.Unsafe}, but generally produces much
- * better optimized code than other implementations. The implementation does not check for invalid memory accesses,
- * meaning that errors can corrupt process memory.
- */
-public abstract class UnsafeBufferWriter<S extends InstancedPart> extends BufferWriter<S> {
-	/**
-	 * The write pointer into the buffer storage. This is advanced by the stride every time
-	 * {@link UnsafeBufferWriter#advance()} is called.
-	 */
-	protected long writePointer;
-
-	protected UnsafeBufferWriter(StructType<S> structType, ByteBuffer byteBuffer) {
-		super(structType, byteBuffer);
-
-		acquireWritePointer();
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void seek(int pos) {
-		super.seek(pos);
-		acquireWritePointer();
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	protected void advance() {
-		this.writePointer += this.stride;
-	}
-
-	private void acquireWritePointer() {
-		this.writePointer = MemoryUtil.memAddress(this.backingBuffer, this.backingBuffer.position());
-	}
-}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/FullscreenQuad.java

@@ -3,13 +3,14 @@ package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core;
 import static org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11.GL_TRIANGLES;
 import static org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11.glDrawArrays;
 
+import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
+
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.Flywheel;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.GlStateTracker;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.array.GlVertexArray;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.GlBuffer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.GlBufferType;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.MappedBuffer;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.MappedGlBuffer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.layout.BufferLayout;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.layout.CommonItems;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.Lazy;
@@ -34,13 +35,14 @@ public class FullscreenQuad {
 
 	private FullscreenQuad() {
 		try (var restoreState = GlStateTracker.getRestoreState()) {
-			vbo = new MappedGlBuffer(GlBufferType.ARRAY_BUFFER);
+			vbo = new GlBuffer(GlBufferType.ARRAY_BUFFER);
 			vbo.ensureCapacity(bufferSize);
 			try (MappedBuffer buffer = vbo.map()) {
+				var ptr = buffer.getPtr();
 
-				buffer.unwrap()
-						.asFloatBuffer()
-						.put(vertices);
+				for (var i = 0; i < vertices.length; i++) {
+					MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr + i * Float.BYTES, vertices[i]);
+				}
 
 			} catch (Exception e) {
 				Flywheel.LOGGER.error("Could not create fullscreen quad.", e);

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/QuadConverter.java

@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core;
 
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
 import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
 
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.GlNumericType;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.GlBuffer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.GlBufferType;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.MappedBuffer;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.MappedGlBuffer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.instancing.ElementBuffer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.event.ReloadRenderersEvent;
 
@@ -34,11 +32,11 @@ public class QuadConverter {
 		return INSTANCE;
 	}
 
-	private final MappedGlBuffer ebo;
+	private final GlBuffer ebo;
 	private int quadCapacity;
 
 	public QuadConverter() {
-		this.ebo = new MappedGlBuffer(GlBufferType.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER);
+		this.ebo = new GlBuffer(GlBufferType.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER);
 		this.quadCapacity = 0;
 	}
 
@@ -49,9 +47,7 @@ public class QuadConverter {
 			ebo.ensureCapacity((long) indexCount * GlNumericType.UINT.getByteWidth());
 
 			try (MappedBuffer map = ebo.map()) {
-				ByteBuffer indices = map.unwrap();
-
-				fillBuffer(indices, quads);
+				fillBuffer(map.getPtr(), quads);
 			}
 			ebo.unbind();
 
@@ -66,32 +62,18 @@ public class QuadConverter {
 		this.quadCapacity = 0;
 	}
 
-	private void fillBuffer(ByteBuffer indices, int quads) {
-		long addr = MemoryUtil.memAddress(indices);
+	private void fillBuffer(long addr, int quads) {
 		int numVertices = 4 * quads;
 		int baseVertex = 0;
 		while (baseVertex < numVertices) {
-			// writeQuadIndices(indices, baseVertex);
-			writeQuadIndicesUnsafe(addr, baseVertex);
+			writeQuadIndices(addr, baseVertex);
 
 			baseVertex += 4;
 			addr += 6 * 4;
 		}
-		// ((Buffer) indices).flip();
 	}
 
-	private void writeQuadIndices(ByteBuffer indices, int baseVertex) {
-		// triangle a
-		indices.putInt(baseVertex);
-		indices.putInt(baseVertex + 1);
-		indices.putInt(baseVertex + 2);
-		// triangle b
-		indices.putInt(baseVertex);
-		indices.putInt(baseVertex + 2);
-		indices.putInt(baseVertex + 3);
-	}
-
-	private void writeQuadIndicesUnsafe(long addr, int baseVertex) {
+	private void writeQuadIndices(long addr, int baseVertex) {
 		// triangle a
 		MemoryUtil.memPutInt(addr, baseVertex);
 		MemoryUtil.memPutInt(addr + 4, baseVertex + 1);
@@ -102,7 +84,7 @@ public class QuadConverter {
 		MemoryUtil.memPutInt(addr + 20, baseVertex + 3);
 	}
 
-	// make sure this gets reset first so it has a chance to repopulate
+	// make sure this gets reset first, so it has a chance to repopulate
 	public static void onRendererReload(ReloadRenderersEvent event) {
 		if (INSTANCE != null) {
 			INSTANCE.delete();

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/hardcoded/ModelPart.java

@@ -2,74 +2,86 @@ package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.hardcoded;
 
 import java.util.List;
 
-import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
-import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryStack;
-
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexList;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.MutableVertexList;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.ReusableVertexList;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.memory.MemoryBlock;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.Mesh;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.ModelUtil;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.vertex.Formats;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.vertex.PosTexNormalVertex;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.vertex.PosTexNormalWriterUnsafe;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.joml.Vector4f;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.joml.Vector4fc;
 
 public class ModelPart implements Mesh {
-
-	private final int vertices;
+	private final int vertexCount;
+	private final MemoryBlock contents;
+	private final ReusableVertexList vertexList;
 	private final String name;
-	private final VertexList reader;
-	private final @NotNull Vector4f boundingSphere;
+	private final Vector4f boundingSphere;
 
 	public ModelPart(List<PartBuilder.CuboidBuilder> cuboids, String name) {
 		this.name = name;
 
-		{
-			int vertices = 0;
+		this.vertexCount = countVertices(cuboids);
+
+		contents = MemoryBlock.malloc(size());
+		long ptr = contents.ptr();
+		VertexWriter writer = new VertexWriterImpl(ptr);
 		for (PartBuilder.CuboidBuilder cuboid : cuboids) {
-				vertices += cuboid.vertices();
-			}
-			this.vertices = vertices;
+			cuboid.write(writer);
 		}
 
-		try (var stack = MemoryStack.stackPush()) {
-			PosTexNormalWriterUnsafe writer = getVertexType().createWriter(stack.malloc(size()));
-			for (PartBuilder.CuboidBuilder cuboid : cuboids) {
-				cuboid.buffer(writer);
-			}
+		vertexList = getVertexType().createVertexList();
+		vertexList.ptr(ptr);
+		vertexList.setVertexCount(vertexCount);
 
-			reader = writer.intoReader(this.vertices);
-		}
-
-		boundingSphere = ModelUtil.computeBoundingSphere(reader);
+		boundingSphere = ModelUtil.computeBoundingSphere(vertexList);
 	}
 
 	public static PartBuilder builder(String name, int sizeU, int sizeV) {
 		return new PartBuilder(name, sizeU, sizeV);
 	}
 
-	@Override
-	public String name() {
-		return name;
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public int getVertexCount() {
-		return vertices;
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public VertexList getReader() {
-		return reader;
-	}
-
 	@Override
 	public PosTexNormalVertex getVertexType() {
 		return Formats.POS_TEX_NORMAL;
 	}
 
+	@Override
+	public int getVertexCount() {
+		return vertexCount;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void write(long ptr) {
+		contents.copyTo(ptr);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void write(MutableVertexList dst) {
+		vertexList.writeAll(dst);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void close() {
+		contents.free();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String name() {
+		return name;
+	}
+
 	@Override
 	public Vector4fc getBoundingSphere() {
 		return boundingSphere;
 	}
+
+	private static int countVertices(List<PartBuilder.CuboidBuilder> cuboids) {
+		int vertices = 0;
+		for (PartBuilder.CuboidBuilder cuboid : cuboids) {
+			vertices += cuboid.vertices();
+		}
+		return vertices;
+	}
 }

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/hardcoded/PartBuilder.java

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import java.util.EnumSet;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Set;
 
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.vertex.PosTexNormalWriterUnsafe;
 import com.mojang.math.Matrix3f;
 import com.mojang.math.Quaternion;
 import com.mojang.math.Vector3f;
@@ -160,8 +159,7 @@ public class PartBuilder {
 			return visibleFaces.size() * 4;
 		}
 
-		public void buffer(PosTexNormalWriterUnsafe buffer) {
-
+		public void write(VertexWriter writer) {
 			float sizeX = posX2 - posX1;
 			float sizeY = posY2 - posY1;
 			float sizeZ = posZ2 - posZ1;
@@ -219,28 +217,27 @@ public class PartBuilder {
 			float f12 = getV((float)textureOffsetV + sizeZ + sizeY);
 
 			if (invertYZ) {
-				quad(buffer, new Vector3f[]{hlh, llh, lll, hll}, f6, f11, f7, f10, down);
-				quad(buffer, new Vector3f[]{hhl, lhl, lhh, hhh}, f5, f10, f6, f11, up);
-				quad(buffer, new Vector3f[]{lll, llh, lhh, lhl}, f5, f12, f4, f11, west);
-				quad(buffer, new Vector3f[]{hll, lll, lhl, hhl}, f9, f12, f8, f11, north);
-				quad(buffer, new Vector3f[]{hlh, hll, hhl, hhh}, f8, f12, f6, f11, east);
-				quad(buffer, new Vector3f[]{llh, hlh, hhh, lhh}, f6, f12, f5, f11, south);
+				quad(writer, new Vector3f[]{hlh, llh, lll, hll}, f6, f11, f7, f10, down);
+				quad(writer, new Vector3f[]{hhl, lhl, lhh, hhh}, f5, f10, f6, f11, up);
+				quad(writer, new Vector3f[]{lll, llh, lhh, lhl}, f5, f12, f4, f11, west);
+				quad(writer, new Vector3f[]{hll, lll, lhl, hhl}, f9, f12, f8, f11, north);
+				quad(writer, new Vector3f[]{hlh, hll, hhl, hhh}, f8, f12, f6, f11, east);
+				quad(writer, new Vector3f[]{llh, hlh, hhh, lhh}, f6, f12, f5, f11, south);
 			} else {
-				quad(buffer, new Vector3f[]{hlh, llh, lll, hll}, f5, f10, f6, f11, down);
-				quad(buffer, new Vector3f[]{hhl, lhl, lhh, hhh}, f6, f11, f7, f10, up);
-				quad(buffer, new Vector3f[]{lll, llh, lhh, lhl}, f4, f11, f5, f12, west);
-				quad(buffer, new Vector3f[]{hll, lll, lhl, hhl}, f5, f11, f6, f12, north);
-				quad(buffer, new Vector3f[]{hlh, hll, hhl, hhh}, f6, f11, f8, f12, east);
-				quad(buffer, new Vector3f[]{llh, hlh, hhh, lhh}, f8, f11, f9, f12, south);
+				quad(writer, new Vector3f[]{hlh, llh, lll, hll}, f5, f10, f6, f11, down);
+				quad(writer, new Vector3f[]{hhl, lhl, lhh, hhh}, f6, f11, f7, f10, up);
+				quad(writer, new Vector3f[]{lll, llh, lhh, lhl}, f4, f11, f5, f12, west);
+				quad(writer, new Vector3f[]{hll, lll, lhl, hhl}, f5, f11, f6, f12, north);
+				quad(writer, new Vector3f[]{hlh, hll, hhl, hhh}, f6, f11, f8, f12, east);
+				quad(writer, new Vector3f[]{llh, hlh, hhh, lhh}, f8, f11, f9, f12, south);
 			}
 		}
 
-		public void quad(PosTexNormalWriterUnsafe buffer, Vector3f[] vertices, float minU, float minV, float maxU, float maxV, Vector3f normal) {
-			buffer.putVertex(vertices[0].x(), vertices[0].y(), vertices[0].z(), normal.x(), normal.y(), normal.z(), maxU, minV);
-			buffer.putVertex(vertices[1].x(), vertices[1].y(), vertices[1].z(), normal.x(), normal.y(), normal.z(), minU, minV);
-			buffer.putVertex(vertices[2].x(), vertices[2].y(), vertices[2].z(), normal.x(), normal.y(), normal.z(), minU, maxV);
-			buffer.putVertex(vertices[3].x(), vertices[3].y(), vertices[3].z(), normal.x(), normal.y(), normal.z(), maxU, maxV);
-
+		public void quad(VertexWriter writer, Vector3f[] vertices, float minU, float minV, float maxU, float maxV, Vector3f normal) {
+			writer.putVertex(vertices[0].x(), vertices[0].y(), vertices[0].z(), maxU, minV, normal.x(), normal.y(), normal.z());
+			writer.putVertex(vertices[1].x(), vertices[1].y(), vertices[1].z(), minU, minV, normal.x(), normal.y(), normal.z());
+			writer.putVertex(vertices[2].x(), vertices[2].y(), vertices[2].z(), minU, maxV, normal.x(), normal.y(), normal.z());
+			writer.putVertex(vertices[3].x(), vertices[3].y(), vertices[3].z(), maxU, maxV, normal.x(), normal.y(), normal.z());
 		}
 
 		public float getU(float u) {
@@ -258,5 +255,4 @@ public class PartBuilder {
 		}
 	}
 
-
 }

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/hardcoded/VertexWriter.java

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.hardcoded;
+
+public interface VertexWriter {
+	void putVertex(float x, float y, float z, float u, float v, float nX, float nY, float nZ);
+}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/hardcoded/VertexWriterImpl.java

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.hardcoded;
+
+import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
+
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.RenderMath;
+
+public class VertexWriterImpl implements VertexWriter {
+	private long ptr;
+
+	public VertexWriterImpl(long ptr) {
+		this.ptr = ptr;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void putVertex(float x, float y, float z, float u, float v, float nX, float nY, float nZ) {
+		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr, x);
+		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr + 4, y);
+		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr + 8, z);
+		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr + 12, u);
+		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr + 16, v);
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + 20, RenderMath.nb(nX));
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + 21, RenderMath.nb(nY));
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + 22, RenderMath.nb(nZ));
+
+		ptr += 23;
+	}
+}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/layout/CommonItems.java

@@ -1,26 +1,39 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.layout;
 
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.GlNumericType;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.array.VertexAttributeF;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.array.VertexAttributeI;
 
 public class CommonItems {
 
-	public static final PrimitiveItem VEC4 = new PrimitiveItem(GlNumericType.FLOAT, 4);
-	public static final PrimitiveItem VEC3 = new PrimitiveItem(GlNumericType.FLOAT, 3);
-	public static final PrimitiveItem VEC2 = new PrimitiveItem(GlNumericType.FLOAT, 2);
-	public static final PrimitiveItem FLOAT = new PrimitiveItem(GlNumericType.FLOAT, 1);
+	public static final PrimitiveItem VEC4 = primitiveF(GlNumericType.FLOAT, 4);
+	public static final PrimitiveItem VEC3 = primitiveF(GlNumericType.FLOAT, 3);
+	public static final PrimitiveItem VEC2 = primitiveF(GlNumericType.FLOAT, 2);
+	public static final PrimitiveItem FLOAT = primitiveF(GlNumericType.FLOAT, 1);
 
-	public static final PrimitiveItem QUATERNION = new PrimitiveItem(GlNumericType.FLOAT, 4);
-	public static final PrimitiveItem NORMAL = new PrimitiveItem(GlNumericType.BYTE, 3, true);
-	public static final PrimitiveItem UV = new PrimitiveItem(GlNumericType.FLOAT, 2);
+	public static final PrimitiveItem QUATERNION = primitiveF(GlNumericType.FLOAT, 4);
+	public static final PrimitiveItem NORMAL = primitiveF(GlNumericType.BYTE, 3, true);
+	public static final PrimitiveItem UV = primitiveF(GlNumericType.FLOAT, 2);
 
-	public static final PrimitiveItem RGBA = new PrimitiveItem(GlNumericType.UBYTE, 4, true);
-	public static final PrimitiveItem RGB = new PrimitiveItem(GlNumericType.UBYTE, 3, true);
-	public static final PrimitiveItem LIGHT = new PrimitiveItem(new VertexAttributeI(GlNumericType.UBYTE, 2));
-	public static final PrimitiveItem LIGHT_SHORT = new PrimitiveItem(new VertexAttributeI(GlNumericType.USHORT, 2));
+	public static final PrimitiveItem RGBA = primitiveF(GlNumericType.UBYTE, 4, true);
+	public static final PrimitiveItem RGB = primitiveF(GlNumericType.UBYTE, 3, true);
+	public static final PrimitiveItem LIGHT = primitiveI(GlNumericType.UBYTE, 2);
+	public static final PrimitiveItem LIGHT_SHORT = primitiveI(GlNumericType.USHORT, 2);
 
-	public static final PrimitiveItem NORMALIZED_BYTE = new PrimitiveItem(GlNumericType.BYTE, 1, true);
+	public static final PrimitiveItem NORMALIZED_BYTE = primitiveF(GlNumericType.BYTE, 1, true);
 
 	public static final MatrixItem MAT3 = new MatrixItem(3, 3);
 	public static final MatrixItem MAT4 = new MatrixItem(4, 4);
+
+	private static PrimitiveItem primitiveF(GlNumericType type, int count, boolean normalized) {
+		return new PrimitiveItem(new VertexAttributeF(type, count, normalized));
+	}
+
+	private static PrimitiveItem primitiveF(GlNumericType type, int count) {
+		return primitiveF(type, count, false);
+	}
+
+	private static PrimitiveItem primitiveI(GlNumericType type, int count) {
+		return new PrimitiveItem(new VertexAttributeI(type, count));
+	}
 }

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/layout/PrimitiveItem.java

@@ -2,22 +2,12 @@ package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.layout;
 
 import java.util.function.Consumer;
 
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.GlNumericType;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.array.VertexAttribute;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.array.VertexAttributeF;
 
 public class PrimitiveItem implements LayoutItem {
 
 	private final VertexAttribute attribute;
 
-	public PrimitiveItem(GlNumericType type, int count) {
-		this(type, count, false);
-	}
-
-	public PrimitiveItem(GlNumericType type, int count, boolean normalized) {
-		this(new VertexAttributeF(type, count, normalized));
-	}
-
 	public PrimitiveItem(VertexAttribute attribute) {
 		this.attribute = attribute;
 	}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/model/Mesh.java

@@ -1,71 +1,56 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model;
 
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexList;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.MutableVertexList;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexType;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexWriter;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.instancing.ElementBuffer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.QuadConverter;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.joml.Vector4fc;
 
 /**
- * A mesh that can be rendered by flywheel.
- *
- * <p>
- *     It is expected that the following assertion will not fail:
- * </p>
- *
- * <pre>{@code
- * Mesh mesh = ...;
- * VecBuffer into = ...;
- *
- * int initial = VecBuffer.unwrap().position();
- *
- * mesh.buffer(into);
- *
- * int final = VecBuffer.unwrap().position();
- *
- * assert mesh.size() == final - initial;
- * }</pre>
+ * A holder for arbitrary vertex data that can be written to memory or a vertex list.
  */
 public interface Mesh {
 
-	/**
-	 * A name uniquely identifying this model.
-	 */
-	String name();
-
 	VertexType getVertexType();
 
-	VertexList getReader();
-
 	Vector4fc getBoundingSphere();
 
 	/**
-	 * @return The number of vertices the model has.
+	 * @return The number of vertices this mesh has.
 	 */
-	default int getVertexCount() {
-		return getReader().getVertexCount();
-	}
+	int getVertexCount();
 
 	/**
 	 * Is there nothing to render?
 	 * @return true if there are no vertices.
 	 */
 	default boolean isEmpty() {
-		return getReader().isEmpty();
+		return getVertexCount() == 0;
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * The size in bytes that this model's data takes up.
+	 * The size in bytes that this mesh's data takes up.
 	 */
 	default int size() {
 		return getVertexType().byteOffset(getVertexCount());
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Create an element buffer object that indexes the vertices of this model.
+	 * Write this mesh into memory. The written data will use the format defined by {@link #getVertexType()} and the amount of
+	 * bytes written will be the same as the return value of {@link #size()}.
+	 * @param ptr The address to which data is written to.
+	 */
+	void write(long ptr);
+
+	/**
+	 * Write this mesh into a vertex list. Vertices with index {@literal <}0 or {@literal >=}{@link #getVertexCount()} will not be
+	 * modified.
+	 * @param vertexList The vertex list to which data is written to.
+	 */
+	void write(MutableVertexList vertexList);
+
+	/**
+	 * Create an element buffer object that indexes the vertices of this mesh.
 	 *
 	 * <p>
 	 *     Very often models in minecraft are made up of sequential quads, which is a very predictable pattern.
@@ -79,9 +64,10 @@ public interface Mesh {
 				.quads2Tris(getVertexCount() / 4);
 	}
 
-	default void writeInto(ByteBuffer buffer, long byteIndex) {
-		VertexWriter writer = getVertexType().createWriter(buffer);
-		writer.seek(byteIndex);
-		writer.writeVertexList(getReader());
-	}
+	void close();
+
+	/**
+	 * A name uniquely identifying this mesh.
+	 */
+	String name();
 }

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/model/Model.java

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.material.Material;
 public interface Model {
 	Map<Material, Mesh> getMeshes();
 
+	void delete();
+
 	default int getVertexCount() {
 		int size = 0;
 		for (Mesh mesh : getMeshes().values()) {

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/model/ModelUtil.java

@@ -5,16 +5,23 @@ import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
+import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
 
 import com.dreizak.miniball.highdim.Miniball;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.Flywheel;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.material.Material;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.ReusableVertexList;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexList;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexType;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.memory.MemoryBlock;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.Materials;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.vertex.Formats;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.joml.Vector4f;
 import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.BufferBuilder;
 import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.DefaultVertexFormat;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.vertex.VertexListProviderRegistry;
+import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.BufferBuilder.DrawState;
+import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.VertexFormat;
 import com.mojang.datafixers.util.Pair;
 
 import net.minecraft.client.Minecraft;
@@ -46,15 +53,27 @@ public class ModelUtil {
 		return dispatcher;
 	}
 
-	public static VertexList createVertexList(BufferBuilder bufferBuilder) {
-		Pair<BufferBuilder.DrawState, ByteBuffer> pair = bufferBuilder.popNextBuffer();
-		BufferBuilder.DrawState drawState = pair.getFirst();
+	public static Pair<VertexType, MemoryBlock> convertBlockBuffer(Pair<DrawState, ByteBuffer> pair) {
+		DrawState drawState = pair.getFirst();
+		int vertexCount = drawState.vertexCount();
+		VertexFormat srcFormat = drawState.format();
+		VertexType dstVertexType = Formats.BLOCK;
 
-		if (drawState.format() != DefaultVertexFormat.BLOCK) {
-			throw new RuntimeException("Cannot use BufferBuilder with " + drawState.format());
-		}
+		ByteBuffer src = pair.getSecond();
+		MemoryBlock dst = MemoryBlock.malloc(src.capacity());
+		long srcPtr = MemoryUtil.memAddress(src);
+		long dstPtr = dst.ptr();
 
-		return Formats.BLOCK.createReader(pair.getSecond(), drawState.vertexCount());
+		ReusableVertexList srcList = VertexListProviderRegistry.getOrInfer(srcFormat).createVertexList();
+		ReusableVertexList dstList = dstVertexType.createVertexList();
+		srcList.ptr(srcPtr);
+		dstList.ptr(dstPtr);
+		srcList.setVertexCount(vertexCount);
+		dstList.setVertexCount(vertexCount);
+
+		srcList.writeAll(dstList);
+
+		return Pair.of(dstVertexType, dst);
 	}
 
 	@Nullable

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/model/Models.java

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model;
 
+import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.Map;
 
@@ -41,8 +42,16 @@ public class Models {
 	}
 
 	public static void onReload(ReloadRenderersEvent event) {
+		deleteAll(BLOCK_STATE.values());
+		deleteAll(PARTIAL.values());
+		deleteAll(PARTIAL_DIR.values());
+
 		BLOCK_STATE.clear();
 		PARTIAL.clear();
 		PARTIAL_DIR.clear();
 	}
+
+	private static void deleteAll(Collection<Model> values) {
+		values.forEach(Model::delete);
+	}
 }

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/model/SimpleLazyModel.java

@@ -28,6 +28,11 @@ public class SimpleLazyModel implements Model {
 		return ImmutableMap.of(material, supplier.get());
 	}
 
+	@Override
+	public void delete() {
+		supplier.ifPresent(Mesh::close);
+	}
+
 	public int getVertexCount() {
 		return supplier.map(Mesh::getVertexCount)
 				.orElse(0);

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/model/SimpleMesh.java

@@ -1,27 +1,37 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model;
 
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexList;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.MutableVertexList;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.ReusableVertexList;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexType;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.memory.MemoryBlock;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.joml.Vector4f;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.joml.Vector4fc;
 
 public class SimpleMesh implements Mesh {
-	private final VertexList reader;
 	private final VertexType vertexType;
+	private final int vertexCount;
+	private final MemoryBlock contents;
+	private final ReusableVertexList vertexList;
 	private final String name;
 	private final Vector4f boundingSphere;
 
-	public SimpleMesh(VertexList reader, VertexType vertexType, String name) {
-		this.reader = reader;
+	public SimpleMesh(VertexType vertexType, MemoryBlock contents, String name) {
 		this.vertexType = vertexType;
+		this.contents = contents;
 		this.name = name;
 
-		boundingSphere = ModelUtil.computeBoundingSphere(reader);
+		int bytes = (int) contents.size();
+		int stride = vertexType.getStride();
+		if (bytes % stride != 0) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("MemoryBlock contains non-whole amount of vertices!");
 		}
+		vertexCount = bytes / stride;
 
-	@Override
-	public String name() {
-		return name;
+		vertexList = getVertexType().createVertexList();
+		vertexList.ptr(contents.ptr());
+		vertexList.setVertexCount(vertexCount);
+
+		boundingSphere = ModelUtil.computeBoundingSphere(vertexList);
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -30,8 +40,28 @@ public class SimpleMesh implements Mesh {
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public VertexList getReader() {
-		return reader;
+	public int getVertexCount() {
+		return vertexCount;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void write(long ptr) {
+		contents.copyTo(ptr);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void write(MutableVertexList dst) {
+		vertexList.writeAll(dst);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void close() {
+		contents.free();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String name() {
+		return name;
 	}
 
 	@Override

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/model/TessellatedModel.java

@@ -19,6 +19,12 @@ public class TessellatedModel implements Model {
 		return meshes;
 	}
 
+	@Override
+	public void delete() {
+		meshes.values()
+				.forEach(Mesh::close);
+	}
+
 	public boolean isShadeSeparated() {
 		return shadeSeparated;
 	}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/model/buffering/BakedModelBuilder.java

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ import java.util.function.BiFunction;
 
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.material.Material;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexType;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.memory.MemoryBlock;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.Mesh;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.ModelUtil;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.SimpleMesh;
@@ -12,13 +14,13 @@ import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.buffering.ModelBufferingUtil.BufferFacto
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.buffering.ModelBufferingUtil.ResultConsumer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.buffering.ModelBufferingUtil.ShadeSeparatedBufferFactory;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.buffering.ModelBufferingUtil.ShadeSeparatedResultConsumer;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.vertex.Formats;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.virtual.VirtualEmptyBlockGetter;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.virtual.VirtualEmptyModelData;
 import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.BufferBuilder;
 import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.DefaultVertexFormat;
 import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.PoseStack;
 import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.VertexFormat;
+import com.mojang.datafixers.util.Pair;
 
 import net.minecraft.client.renderer.RenderType;
 import net.minecraft.client.resources.model.BakedModel;
@@ -28,9 +30,10 @@ import net.minecraft.world.level.block.state.BlockState;
 import net.minecraftforge.client.model.data.IModelData;
 
 public class BakedModelBuilder {
+	private static final int STARTING_CAPACITY = 64;
+
 	private final BakedModel bakedModel;
 	private boolean shadeSeparated = true;
-	private VertexFormat vertexFormat;
 	private BlockAndTintGetter renderWorld;
 	private BlockState blockState;
 	private PoseStack poseStack;
@@ -46,11 +49,6 @@ public class BakedModelBuilder {
 		return this;
 	}
 
-	public BakedModelBuilder vertexFormat(VertexFormat vertexFormat) {
-		this.vertexFormat = vertexFormat;
-		return this;
-	}
-
 	public BakedModelBuilder renderWorld(BlockAndTintGetter renderWorld) {
 		this.renderWorld = renderWorld;
 		return this;
@@ -80,9 +78,6 @@ public class BakedModelBuilder {
 	public TessellatedModel build() {
 		ModelBufferingObjects objects = ModelBufferingObjects.THREAD_LOCAL.get();
 
-		if (vertexFormat == null) {
-			vertexFormat = DefaultVertexFormat.BLOCK;
-		}
 		if (renderWorld == null) {
 			renderWorld = VirtualEmptyBlockGetter.INSTANCE;
 		}
@@ -103,29 +98,31 @@ public class BakedModelBuilder {
 
 		if (shadeSeparated) {
 			ShadeSeparatedBufferFactory<BufferBuilder> bufferFactory = (renderType, shaded) -> {
-				BufferBuilder buffer = new BufferBuilder(64);
-				buffer.begin(VertexFormat.Mode.QUADS, vertexFormat);
+				BufferBuilder buffer = new BufferBuilder(STARTING_CAPACITY);
+				buffer.begin(VertexFormat.Mode.QUADS, DefaultVertexFormat.BLOCK);
 				return buffer;
 			};
 			ShadeSeparatedResultConsumer<BufferBuilder> resultConsumer = (renderType, shaded, buffer) -> {
 				buffer.end();
 				Material material = materialFunc.apply(renderType, shaded);
 				if (material != null) {
-					meshMapBuilder.put(material, new SimpleMesh(ModelUtil.createVertexList(buffer), Formats.BLOCK, "bakedModel=" + bakedModel.toString() + ",renderType=" + renderType.toString() + ",shaded=" + shaded));
+					Pair<VertexType, MemoryBlock> pair = ModelUtil.convertBlockBuffer(buffer.popNextBuffer());
+					meshMapBuilder.put(material, new SimpleMesh(pair.getFirst(), pair.getSecond(), "bakedModel=" + bakedModel.toString() + ",renderType=" + renderType.toString() + ",shaded=" + shaded));
 				}
 			};
 			ModelBufferingUtil.bufferSingleShadeSeparated(ModelUtil.VANILLA_RENDERER.getModelRenderer(), renderWorld, bakedModel, blockState, poseStack, bufferFactory, objects.shadeSeparatingBufferWrapper, objects.random, modelData, resultConsumer);
 		} else {
 			BufferFactory<BufferBuilder> bufferFactory = (renderType) -> {
-				BufferBuilder buffer = new BufferBuilder(64);
-				buffer.begin(VertexFormat.Mode.QUADS, vertexFormat);
+				BufferBuilder buffer = new BufferBuilder(STARTING_CAPACITY);
+				buffer.begin(VertexFormat.Mode.QUADS, DefaultVertexFormat.BLOCK);
 				return buffer;
 			};
 			ResultConsumer<BufferBuilder> resultConsumer = (renderType, buffer) -> {
 				buffer.end();
 				Material material = materialFunc.apply(renderType, false);
 				if (material != null) {
-					meshMapBuilder.put(material, new SimpleMesh(ModelUtil.createVertexList(buffer), Formats.BLOCK, "bakedModel=" + bakedModel.toString() + ",renderType=" + renderType.toString()));
+					Pair<VertexType, MemoryBlock> pair = ModelUtil.convertBlockBuffer(buffer.popNextBuffer());
+					meshMapBuilder.put(material, new SimpleMesh(pair.getFirst(), pair.getSecond(), "bakedModel=" + bakedModel.toString() + ",renderType=" + renderType.toString()));
 				}
 			};
 			ModelBufferingUtil.bufferSingle(ModelUtil.VANILLA_RENDERER.getModelRenderer(), renderWorld, bakedModel, blockState, poseStack, bufferFactory, objects.bufferWrapper, objects.random, modelData, resultConsumer);

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/model/buffering/BlockModelBuilder.java

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ import java.util.function.BiFunction;
 
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.material.Material;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexType;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.memory.MemoryBlock;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.Mesh;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.ModelUtil;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.SimpleMesh;
@@ -12,13 +14,13 @@ import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.buffering.ModelBufferingUtil.BufferFacto
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.buffering.ModelBufferingUtil.ResultConsumer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.buffering.ModelBufferingUtil.ShadeSeparatedBufferFactory;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.buffering.ModelBufferingUtil.ShadeSeparatedResultConsumer;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.vertex.Formats;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.virtual.VirtualEmptyBlockGetter;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.virtual.VirtualEmptyModelData;
 import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.BufferBuilder;
 import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.DefaultVertexFormat;
 import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.PoseStack;
 import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.VertexFormat;
+import com.mojang.datafixers.util.Pair;
 
 import net.minecraft.client.renderer.RenderType;
 import net.minecraft.world.level.BlockAndTintGetter;
@@ -26,9 +28,10 @@ import net.minecraft.world.level.block.state.BlockState;
 import net.minecraftforge.client.model.data.IModelData;
 
 public class BlockModelBuilder {
+	private static final int STARTING_CAPACITY = 64;
+
 	private final BlockState state;
 	private boolean shadeSeparated = true;
-	private VertexFormat vertexFormat;
 	private BlockAndTintGetter renderWorld;
 	private PoseStack poseStack;
 	private IModelData modelData;
@@ -43,11 +46,6 @@ public class BlockModelBuilder {
 		return this;
 	}
 
-	public BlockModelBuilder vertexFormat(VertexFormat vertexFormat) {
-		this.vertexFormat = vertexFormat;
-		return this;
-	}
-
 	public BlockModelBuilder renderWorld(BlockAndTintGetter renderWorld) {
 		this.renderWorld = renderWorld;
 		return this;
@@ -72,9 +70,6 @@ public class BlockModelBuilder {
 	public TessellatedModel build() {
 		ModelBufferingObjects objects = ModelBufferingObjects.THREAD_LOCAL.get();
 
-		if (vertexFormat == null) {
-			vertexFormat = DefaultVertexFormat.BLOCK;
-		}
 		if (renderWorld == null) {
 			renderWorld = VirtualEmptyBlockGetter.INSTANCE;
 		}
@@ -92,29 +87,31 @@ public class BlockModelBuilder {
 
 		if (shadeSeparated) {
 			ShadeSeparatedBufferFactory<BufferBuilder> bufferFactory = (renderType, shaded) -> {
-				BufferBuilder buffer = new BufferBuilder(64);
-				buffer.begin(VertexFormat.Mode.QUADS, vertexFormat);
+				BufferBuilder buffer = new BufferBuilder(STARTING_CAPACITY);
+				buffer.begin(VertexFormat.Mode.QUADS, DefaultVertexFormat.BLOCK);
 				return buffer;
 			};
 			ShadeSeparatedResultConsumer<BufferBuilder> resultConsumer = (renderType, shaded, buffer) -> {
 				buffer.end();
 				Material material = materialFunc.apply(renderType, shaded);
 				if (material != null) {
-					meshMapBuilder.put(material, new SimpleMesh(ModelUtil.createVertexList(buffer), Formats.BLOCK, "state=" + state.toString() + ",renderType=" + renderType.toString() + ",shaded=" + shaded));
+					Pair<VertexType, MemoryBlock> pair = ModelUtil.convertBlockBuffer(buffer.popNextBuffer());
+					meshMapBuilder.put(material, new SimpleMesh(pair.getFirst(), pair.getSecond(), "state=" + state.toString() + ",renderType=" + renderType.toString() + ",shaded=" + shaded));
 				}
 			};
 			ModelBufferingUtil.bufferBlockShadeSeparated(ModelUtil.VANILLA_RENDERER, renderWorld, state, poseStack, bufferFactory, objects.shadeSeparatingBufferWrapper, objects.random, modelData, resultConsumer);
 		} else {
 			BufferFactory<BufferBuilder> bufferFactory = (renderType) -> {
-				BufferBuilder buffer = new BufferBuilder(64);
-				buffer.begin(VertexFormat.Mode.QUADS, vertexFormat);
+				BufferBuilder buffer = new BufferBuilder(STARTING_CAPACITY);
+				buffer.begin(VertexFormat.Mode.QUADS, DefaultVertexFormat.BLOCK);
 				return buffer;
 			};
 			ResultConsumer<BufferBuilder> resultConsumer = (renderType, buffer) -> {
 				buffer.end();
 				Material material = materialFunc.apply(renderType, false);
 				if (material != null) {
-					meshMapBuilder.put(material, new SimpleMesh(ModelUtil.createVertexList(buffer), Formats.BLOCK, "state=" + state.toString() + ",renderType=" + renderType.toString()));
+					Pair<VertexType, MemoryBlock> pair = ModelUtil.convertBlockBuffer(buffer.popNextBuffer());
+					meshMapBuilder.put(material, new SimpleMesh(pair.getFirst(), pair.getSecond(), "state=" + state.toString() + ",renderType=" + renderType.toString()));
 				}
 			};
 			ModelBufferingUtil.bufferBlock(ModelUtil.VANILLA_RENDERER, renderWorld, state, poseStack, bufferFactory, objects.bufferWrapper, objects.random, modelData, resultConsumer);

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/model/buffering/MultiBlockModelBuilder.java

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ import java.util.function.BiFunction;
 
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.material.Material;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexType;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.memory.MemoryBlock;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.Mesh;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.ModelUtil;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.SimpleMesh;
@@ -15,12 +17,12 @@ import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.buffering.ModelBufferingUtil.BufferFacto
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.buffering.ModelBufferingUtil.ResultConsumer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.buffering.ModelBufferingUtil.ShadeSeparatedBufferFactory;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.buffering.ModelBufferingUtil.ShadeSeparatedResultConsumer;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.vertex.Formats;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.virtual.VirtualEmptyBlockGetter;
 import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.BufferBuilder;
 import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.DefaultVertexFormat;
 import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.PoseStack;
 import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.VertexFormat;
+import com.mojang.datafixers.util.Pair;
 
 import net.minecraft.client.renderer.RenderType;
 import net.minecraft.core.BlockPos;
@@ -29,6 +31,8 @@ import net.minecraft.world.level.levelgen.structure.templatesystem.StructureTemp
 import net.minecraftforge.client.model.data.IModelData;
 
 public class MultiBlockModelBuilder {
+	private static final int STARTING_CAPACITY = 1024;
+
 	private final Collection<StructureTemplate.StructureBlockInfo> blocks;
 	private boolean shadeSeparated = true;
 	private VertexFormat vertexFormat;
@@ -46,11 +50,6 @@ public class MultiBlockModelBuilder {
 		return this;
 	}
 
-	public MultiBlockModelBuilder vertexFormat(VertexFormat vertexFormat) {
-		this.vertexFormat = vertexFormat;
-		return this;
-	}
-
 	public MultiBlockModelBuilder renderWorld(BlockAndTintGetter renderWorld) {
 		this.renderWorld = renderWorld;
 		return this;
@@ -95,29 +94,31 @@ public class MultiBlockModelBuilder {
 
 		if (shadeSeparated) {
 			ShadeSeparatedBufferFactory<BufferBuilder> bufferFactory = (renderType, shaded) -> {
-				BufferBuilder buffer = new BufferBuilder(1024);
-				buffer.begin(VertexFormat.Mode.QUADS, vertexFormat);
+				BufferBuilder buffer = new BufferBuilder(STARTING_CAPACITY);
+				buffer.begin(VertexFormat.Mode.QUADS, DefaultVertexFormat.BLOCK);
 				return buffer;
 			};
 			ShadeSeparatedResultConsumer<BufferBuilder> resultConsumer = (renderType, shaded, buffer) -> {
 				buffer.end();
 				Material material = materialFunc.apply(renderType, shaded);
 				if (material != null) {
-					meshMapBuilder.put(material, new SimpleMesh(ModelUtil.createVertexList(buffer), Formats.BLOCK, "renderType=" + renderType.toString() + ",shaded=" + shaded));
+					Pair<VertexType, MemoryBlock> pair = ModelUtil.convertBlockBuffer(buffer.popNextBuffer());
+					meshMapBuilder.put(material, new SimpleMesh(pair.getFirst(), pair.getSecond(), "renderType=" + renderType.toString() + ",shaded=" + shaded));
 				}
 			};
 			ModelBufferingUtil.bufferMultiBlockShadeSeparated(blocks, ModelUtil.VANILLA_RENDERER, renderWorld, poseStack, bufferFactory, objects.shadeSeparatingBufferWrapper, objects.random, modelDataMap, resultConsumer);
 		} else {
 			BufferFactory<BufferBuilder> bufferFactory = (renderType) -> {
-				BufferBuilder buffer = new BufferBuilder(1024);
-				buffer.begin(VertexFormat.Mode.QUADS, vertexFormat);
+				BufferBuilder buffer = new BufferBuilder(STARTING_CAPACITY);
+				buffer.begin(VertexFormat.Mode.QUADS, DefaultVertexFormat.BLOCK);
 				return buffer;
 			};
 			ResultConsumer<BufferBuilder> resultConsumer = (renderType, buffer) -> {
 				buffer.end();
 				Material material = materialFunc.apply(renderType, false);
 				if (material != null) {
-					meshMapBuilder.put(material, new SimpleMesh(ModelUtil.createVertexList(buffer), Formats.BLOCK, "renderType=" + renderType.toString()));
+					Pair<VertexType, MemoryBlock> pair = ModelUtil.convertBlockBuffer(buffer.popNextBuffer());
+					meshMapBuilder.put(material, new SimpleMesh(pair.getFirst(), pair.getSecond(), "renderType=" + renderType.toString()));
 				}
 			};
 			ModelBufferingUtil.bufferMultiBlock(blocks, ModelUtil.VANILLA_RENDERER, renderWorld, poseStack, bufferFactory, objects.bufferWrapper, objects.random, modelDataMap, resultConsumer);

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/structs/ColoredLitWriter.java

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs;
+
+import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
+
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.struct.StructWriter;
+
+public abstract class ColoredLitWriter<D extends ColoredLitPart> implements StructWriter<D> {
+	@Override
+	public void write(long ptr, D d) {
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr, d.blockLight);
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + 1, d.skyLight);
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + 2, d.r);
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + 3, d.g);
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + 4, d.b);
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + 5, d.a);
+	}
+}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/structs/ColoredLitWriterUnsafe.java

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs;
-
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-
-import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
-
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.struct.StructType;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.struct.UnsafeBufferWriter;
-
-public abstract class ColoredLitWriterUnsafe<D extends ColoredLitPart> extends UnsafeBufferWriter<D> {
-
-	public ColoredLitWriterUnsafe(StructType<D> structType, ByteBuffer byteBuffer) {
-		super(structType, byteBuffer);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	protected void writeInternal(D d) {
-		long ptr = writePointer;
-		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr, d.blockLight);
-		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + 1, d.skyLight);
-		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + 2, d.r);
-		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + 3, d.g);
-		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + 4, d.b);
-		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + 5, d.a);
-	}
-}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/structs/StructTypes.java

@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs;
 
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.struct.StructType;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.ComponentRegistry;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.model.TransformedPart;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.model.TransformedType;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.oriented.OrientedPart;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.oriented.OrientedType;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.transformed.TransformedPart;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.transformed.TransformedType;
 
 public class StructTypes {
 	public static final StructType<TransformedPart> TRANSFORMED = ComponentRegistry.register(new TransformedType());

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/structs/model/TransformedWriterUnsafe.java

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.model;
-
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.struct.StructType;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.ColoredLitWriterUnsafe;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.extension.MatrixExtension;
-
-public class TransformedWriterUnsafe extends ColoredLitWriterUnsafe<TransformedPart> {
-
-	public TransformedWriterUnsafe(StructType<TransformedPart> structType, ByteBuffer byteBuffer) {
-		super(structType, byteBuffer);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	protected void writeInternal(TransformedPart d) {
-		super.writeInternal(d);
-		long ptr = writePointer + 6;
-
-		((MatrixExtension) (Object) d.model).flywheel$writeUnsafe(ptr);
-		((MatrixExtension) (Object) d.normal).flywheel$writeUnsafe(ptr + 4 * 16);
-	}
-}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/structs/model/package-info.java

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-@ParametersAreNonnullByDefault @MethodsReturnNonnullByDefault
-package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.model;
-
-import javax.annotation.ParametersAreNonnullByDefault;
-
-import net.minecraft.MethodsReturnNonnullByDefault;

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/structs/oriented/OrientedType.java

@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.oriented;
 
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.struct.StorageBufferWriter;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.struct.StructType;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.struct.StructWriter;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.Components;
@@ -33,8 +30,8 @@ public class OrientedType implements StructType<OrientedPart> {
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public StructWriter<OrientedPart> getWriter(ByteBuffer backing) {
-		return new OrientedWriterUnsafe(this, backing);
+	public StructWriter<OrientedPart> getWriter() {
+		return OrientedWriter.INSTANCE;
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -53,7 +50,7 @@ public class OrientedType implements StructType<OrientedPart> {
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public VertexTransformer<? extends OrientedPart> getVertexTransformer() {
+	public VertexTransformer<OrientedPart> getVertexTransformer() {
 		return (vertexList, struct, level) -> {
 			Vector4f pos = new Vector4f();
 			Vector3f normal = new Vector3f();

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/structs/oriented/OrientedWriter.java

@@ -1,21 +1,15 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.oriented;
 
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-
 import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
 
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.struct.StructType;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.ColoredLitWriterUnsafe;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.ColoredLitWriter;
 
-public class OrientedWriterUnsafe extends ColoredLitWriterUnsafe<OrientedPart> {
-	public OrientedWriterUnsafe(StructType<OrientedPart> structType, ByteBuffer byteBuffer) {
-		super(structType, byteBuffer);
-	}
+public class OrientedWriter extends ColoredLitWriter<OrientedPart> {
+	public static final OrientedWriter INSTANCE = new OrientedWriter();
 
 	@Override
-	protected void writeInternal(OrientedPart d) {
-		long ptr = writePointer;
-		super.writeInternal(d);
+	public void write(long ptr, OrientedPart d) {
+		super.write(ptr, d);
 
 		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr + 6, d.posX);
 		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr + 10, d.posY);

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/structs/transformed/TransformedPart.java

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.model;
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.transformed;
 
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.ColoredLitPart;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.StructTypes;

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/structs/transformed/TransformedStorageWriter.java

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.model;
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.transformed;
 
 import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
 

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/structs/transformed/TransformedType.java

@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.model;
-
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.transformed;
 
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.struct.StorageBufferWriter;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.struct.StructType;
@@ -30,8 +28,8 @@ public class TransformedType implements StructType<TransformedPart> {
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public StructWriter<TransformedPart> getWriter(ByteBuffer backing) {
-		return new TransformedWriterUnsafe(this, backing);
+	public StructWriter<TransformedPart> getWriter() {
+		return TransformedWriter.INSTANCE;
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -50,7 +48,7 @@ public class TransformedType implements StructType<TransformedPart> {
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public VertexTransformer<? extends TransformedPart> getVertexTransformer() {
+	public VertexTransformer<TransformedPart> getVertexTransformer() {
 		return (vertexList, struct, level) -> {
 			Vector4f pos = new Vector4f();
 			Vector3f normal = new Vector3f();

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/structs/transformed/TransformedWriter.java

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.transformed;
+
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.ColoredLitWriter;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.extension.MatrixExtension;
+
+public class TransformedWriter extends ColoredLitWriter<TransformedPart> {
+	public static final TransformedWriter INSTANCE = new TransformedWriter();
+
+	@Override
+	public void write(long ptr, TransformedPart d) {
+		super.write(ptr, d);
+		ptr += 6;
+
+		((MatrixExtension) (Object) d.model).flywheel$writeUnsafe(ptr);
+		((MatrixExtension) (Object) d.normal).flywheel$writeUnsafe(ptr + 4 * 16);
+	}
+}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/structs/transformed/package-info.java

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 @ParametersAreNonnullByDefault @MethodsReturnNonnullByDefault
-package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.struct;
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.transformed;
 
 import javax.annotation.ParametersAreNonnullByDefault;
 

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/uniform/FogProvider.java

@@ -9,22 +9,18 @@ import com.mojang.blaze3d.systems.RenderSystem;
 
 public class FogProvider extends UniformProvider {
 
-
-
 	@Override
 	public int getActualByteSize() {
 		return 16 + 8 + 4;
 	}
 
 	public void update() {
-		if (buffer == null) {
+		if (ptr == MemoryUtil.NULL) {
 			return;
 		}
 
 		var color = RenderSystem.getShaderFogColor();
 
-		long ptr = MemoryUtil.memAddress(buffer);
-
 		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr, color[0]);
 		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr + 4, color[1]);
 		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr + 8, color[2]);

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/uniform/FrustumProvider.java

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ public class FrustumProvider extends UniformProvider {
 	}
 
 	public void update(RenderContext context) {
-		if (buffer == null) {
+		if (ptr == MemoryUtil.NULL) {
 			return;
 		}
 
@@ -51,8 +51,6 @@ public class FrustumProvider extends UniformProvider {
 
 		var shiftedCuller = RenderContext.createCuller(context.viewProjection(), -camX, -camY, -camZ);
 
-		long ptr = MemoryUtil.memAddress(buffer);
-
 		shiftedCuller.getJozuPackedPlanes(ptr);
 
 		notifier.signalChanged();

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/uniform/UniformBuffer.java

@@ -1,20 +1,18 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.uniform;
 
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import java.util.BitSet;
 import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.List;
 
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL32;
-import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
 
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.uniform.UniformProvider;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.GlBuffer;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.GlBufferType;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.gl.buffer.MappedGlBuffer;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.memory.MemoryBlock;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.ComponentRegistry;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.RenderMath;
-import com.mojang.blaze3d.platform.MemoryTracker;
 
 public class UniformBuffer {
 
@@ -33,13 +31,13 @@ public class UniformBuffer {
 		return instance;
 	}
 
-	private final MappedGlBuffer buffer;
-	private final ByteBuffer data;
+	private final GlBuffer buffer;
+	private final MemoryBlock data;
 
 	private final BitSet changedBytes;
 
 	private UniformBuffer() {
-		buffer = new MappedGlBuffer(GlBufferType.UNIFORM_BUFFER);
+		buffer = new GlBuffer(GlBufferType.UNIFORM_BUFFER);
 
 		Collection<UniformProvider> providers = ComponentRegistry.getAllUniformProviders();
 
@@ -57,7 +55,7 @@ public class UniformBuffer {
 
 		allocatedProviders = builder.build();
 
-		data = MemoryTracker.create(totalBytes);
+		data = MemoryBlock.mallocTracked(totalBytes);
 		changedBytes = new BitSet(totalBytes);
 
 		for (Allocated p : allocatedProviders) {
@@ -112,8 +110,8 @@ public class UniformBuffer {
 			changedBytes.set(offset, offset + size);
 		}
 
-		private void updatePtr(ByteBuffer bufferBase) {
-			provider.updatePtr(MemoryUtil.memSlice(bufferBase, offset, size), this);
+		private void updatePtr(MemoryBlock bufferBase) {
+			provider.updatePtr(bufferBase.ptr() + offset, this);
 		}
 
 		public UniformProvider provider() {

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/uniform/ViewProvider.java

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ public class ViewProvider extends UniformProvider {
 	}
 
 	public void update(RenderContext context) {
-		if (buffer == null) {
+		if (ptr == MemoryUtil.NULL) {
 			return;
 		}
 
@@ -52,8 +52,6 @@ public class ViewProvider extends UniformProvider {
 		var vp = context.viewProjection().copy();
 		vp.multiplyWithTranslation(-camX, -camY, -camZ);
 
-		long ptr = MemoryUtil.memAddress(buffer);
-
 		MatrixExtension.writeUnsafe(vp, ptr);
 		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr + 64, camX);
 		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr + 68, camY);

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/vertex/AbstractVertexList.java

@@ -1,49 +1,28 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.vertex;
 
-import java.nio.Buffer;
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.ReusableVertexList;
 
-import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
-
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexList;
-import com.mojang.blaze3d.platform.MemoryTracker;
-import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.BufferBuilder;
-
-public abstract class AbstractVertexList implements VertexList, AutoCloseable {
-
-	protected final ByteBuffer contents;
-	protected final long base;
-	protected final int vertexCount;
-
-	protected AbstractVertexList(ByteBuffer copyFrom, int vertexCount) {
-		this.contents = MemoryTracker.create(copyFrom.capacity());
-		this.vertexCount = vertexCount;
-		this.base = MemoryUtil.memAddress(this.contents);
-		init(copyFrom);
-	}
-
-	public AbstractVertexList(BufferBuilder builder) {
-		var pair = builder.popNextBuffer();
-		ByteBuffer copyFrom = pair.getSecond();
-		this.contents = MemoryTracker.create(copyFrom.capacity());
-		this.vertexCount = pair.getFirst().vertexCount();
-		this.base = MemoryUtil.memAddress(this.contents);
-		init(copyFrom);
-	}
-
-	private void init(ByteBuffer copyFrom) {
-		this.contents.order(copyFrom.order());
-		this.contents.put(copyFrom);
-		((Buffer) this.contents).flip();
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void close() {
-		MemoryUtil.memFree(contents);
-	}
+public abstract class AbstractVertexList implements ReusableVertexList {
+	protected long ptr;
+	protected int vertexCount;
 
 	@Override
 	public int getVertexCount() {
 		return vertexCount;
 	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void setVertexCount(int vertexCount) {
+		this.vertexCount = vertexCount;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public long ptr() {
+		return ptr;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void ptr(long ptr) {
+		this.ptr = ptr;
+	}
 }

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/vertex/BlockVertex.java

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.vertex;
 
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexType;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.Components;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.layout.BufferLayout;
@@ -9,7 +7,6 @@ import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.layout.CommonItems;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.source.FileResolution;
 
 public class BlockVertex implements VertexType {
-
 	public static final BufferLayout FORMAT = BufferLayout.builder()
 			.addItems(CommonItems.VEC3,
 					CommonItems.RGBA,
@@ -24,18 +21,13 @@ public class BlockVertex implements VertexType {
 		return FORMAT;
 	}
 
-	@Override
-	public BlockWriterUnsafe createWriter(ByteBuffer buffer) {
-		return new BlockWriterUnsafe(this, buffer);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public BlockVertexListUnsafe createReader(ByteBuffer buffer, int vertexCount) {
-		return new BlockVertexListUnsafe(buffer, vertexCount);
-	}
-
 	@Override
 	public FileResolution getLayoutShader() {
 		return Components.Files.BLOCK_LAYOUT;
 	}
+
+	@Override
+	public BlockVertexList createVertexList() {
+		return new BlockVertexList();
+	}
 }

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/vertex/BlockVertexList.java

@@ -1,72 +1,61 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.vertex;
 
+import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
+
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.RenderMath;
-import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.BufferBuilder;
 
 import net.minecraft.client.renderer.texture.OverlayTexture;
 
 public class BlockVertexList extends AbstractVertexList {
+	protected static final int STRIDE = 32;
 
-	private final int stride;
-
-	public BlockVertexList(BufferBuilder builder) {
-		super(builder);
-		this.stride = builder.getVertexFormat()
-				.getVertexSize();
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public boolean isEmpty() {
-		return vertexCount == 0;
-	}
-
-	private int vertIdx(int vertexIndex) {
-		return vertexIndex * stride;
+	protected long idxPtr(int index) {
+		return ptr + index * STRIDE;
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	public float x(int index) {
-		return contents.getFloat(vertIdx(index));
+		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(idxPtr(index));
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	public float y(int index) {
-		return contents.getFloat(vertIdx(index) + 4);
+		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(idxPtr(index) + 4);
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	public float z(int index) {
-		return contents.getFloat(vertIdx(index) + 8);
+		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(idxPtr(index) + 8);
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	public byte r(int index) {
-		return contents.get(vertIdx(index) + 12);
+		return MemoryUtil.memGetByte(idxPtr(index) + 12);
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	public byte g(int index) {
-		return contents.get(vertIdx(index) + 13);
+		return MemoryUtil.memGetByte(idxPtr(index) + 13);
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	public byte b(int index) {
-		return contents.get(vertIdx(index) + 14);
+		return MemoryUtil.memGetByte(idxPtr(index) + 14);
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	public byte a(int index) {
-		return contents.get(vertIdx(index) + 15);
+		return MemoryUtil.memGetByte(idxPtr(index) + 15);
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	public float u(int index) {
-		return contents.getFloat(vertIdx(index) + 16);
+		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(idxPtr(index) + 16);
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	public float v(int index) {
-		return contents.getFloat(vertIdx(index) + 20);
+		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(idxPtr(index) + 20);
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -76,22 +65,95 @@ public class BlockVertexList extends AbstractVertexList {
 
 	@Override
 	public int light(int index) {
-		return contents.getInt(vertIdx(index) + 24);
+		return MemoryUtil.memGetInt(idxPtr(index) + 24) << 4;
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	public float normalX(int index) {
-		return RenderMath.f(contents.get(vertIdx(index) + 28));
+		return RenderMath.f(MemoryUtil.memGetByte(idxPtr(index) + 28));
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	public float normalY(int index) {
-		return RenderMath.f(contents.get(vertIdx(index) + 29));
+		return RenderMath.f(MemoryUtil.memGetByte(idxPtr(index) + 29));
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	public float normalZ(int index) {
-		return RenderMath.f(contents.get(vertIdx(index) + 30));
+		return RenderMath.f(MemoryUtil.memGetByte(idxPtr(index) + 30));
 	}
 
+	@Override
+	public void x(int index, float x) {
+		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(idxPtr(index), x);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void y(int index, float y) {
+		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(idxPtr(index) + 4, y);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void z(int index, float z) {
+		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(idxPtr(index) + 8, z);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void r(int index, byte r) {
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(idxPtr(index) + 12, r);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void g(int index, byte g) {
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(idxPtr(index) + 13, g);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void b(int index, byte b) {
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(idxPtr(index) + 14, b);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void a(int index, byte a) {
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(idxPtr(index) + 15, a);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void u(int index, float u) {
+		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(idxPtr(index) + 16, u);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void v(int index, float v) {
+		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(idxPtr(index) + 20, v);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void overlay(int index, int overlay) {
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void light(int index, int light) {
+		MemoryUtil.memPutInt(idxPtr(index) + 24, light >> 4);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void normalX(int index, float normalX) {
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(idxPtr(index) + 28, RenderMath.nb(normalX));
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void normalY(int index, float normalY) {
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(idxPtr(index) + 29, RenderMath.nb(normalY));
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void normalZ(int index, float normalZ) {
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(idxPtr(index) + 30, RenderMath.nb(normalZ));
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void shiftPtr(int vertices) {
+		ptr += vertices * STRIDE;
+	}
 }

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/vertex/BlockVertexListUnsafe.java

@@ -1,91 +0,0 @@
-package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.vertex;
-
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-
-import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
-
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.RenderMath;
-
-import net.minecraft.client.renderer.texture.OverlayTexture;
-
-public class BlockVertexListUnsafe extends AbstractVertexList {
-
-	public BlockVertexListUnsafe(ByteBuffer copyFrom, int vertexCount) {
-		super(copyFrom, vertexCount);
-	}
-
-	private long ptr(long index) {
-		return base + index * 32;
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public float x(int index) {
-		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(ptr(index));
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public float y(int index) {
-		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(ptr(index) + 4);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public float z(int index) {
-		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(ptr(index) + 8);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public byte r(int index) {
-		return MemoryUtil.memGetByte(ptr(index) + 12);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public byte g(int index) {
-		return MemoryUtil.memGetByte(ptr(index) + 13);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public byte b(int index) {
-		return MemoryUtil.memGetByte(ptr(index) + 14);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public byte a(int index) {
-		return MemoryUtil.memGetByte(ptr(index) + 15);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public float u(int index) {
-		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(ptr(index) + 16);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public float v(int index) {
-		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(ptr(index) + 20);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public int overlay(int index) {
-		return OverlayTexture.NO_OVERLAY;
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public int light(int index) {
-		return MemoryUtil.memGetInt(ptr(index) + 24);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public float normalX(int index) {
-		return RenderMath.f(MemoryUtil.memGetByte(ptr(index) + 28));
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public float normalY(int index) {
-		return RenderMath.f(MemoryUtil.memGetByte(ptr(index) + 29));
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public float normalZ(int index) {
-		return RenderMath.f(MemoryUtil.memGetByte(ptr(index) + 30));
-	}
-
-}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/vertex/BlockWriterUnsafe.java

@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.vertex;
-
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-
-import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
-
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexList;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.RenderMath;
-
-public class BlockWriterUnsafe extends VertexWriterUnsafe<BlockVertex> {
-
-	public BlockWriterUnsafe(BlockVertex type, ByteBuffer buffer) {
-		super(type, buffer);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void writeVertex(VertexList list, int i) {
-		float x = list.x(i);
-		float y = list.y(i);
-		float z = list.z(i);
-
-		float xN = list.normalX(i);
-		float yN = list.normalY(i);
-		float zN = list.normalZ(i);
-
-		float u = list.u(i);
-		float v = list.v(i);
-
-		byte r = list.r(i);
-		byte g = list.g(i);
-		byte b = list.b(i);
-		byte a = list.a(i);
-
-		int light = list.light(i);
-
-		putVertex(x, y, z, u, v, r, g, b, a, light, xN, yN, zN);
-	}
-
-	public void putVertex(float x, float y, float z, float u, float v, byte r, byte g, byte b, byte a, int light, float nX, float nY, float nZ) {
-		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr, x);
-		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr + 4, y);
-		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr + 8, z);
-		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + 12, r);
-		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + 13, g);
-		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + 14, b);
-		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + 15, a);
-		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr + 16, u);
-		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr + 20, v);
-		MemoryUtil.memPutInt(ptr + 24, (light >> 4) & 0xF000F);
-		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + 28, RenderMath.nb(nX));
-		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + 29, RenderMath.nb(nY));
-		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + 30, RenderMath.nb(nZ));
-
-		ptr += 32;
-	}
-}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/vertex/InferredVertexFormatInfo.java

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-package com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.batching;
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.vertex;
 
 import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.VertexFormat;
 import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.VertexFormatElement;
 
-public class VertexFormatInfo {
+public class InferredVertexFormatInfo {
 	public final VertexFormat format;
 	public final int stride;
 
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ public class VertexFormatInfo {
 	public final int lightOffset;
 	public final int normalOffset;
 
-	public VertexFormatInfo(VertexFormat format) {
+	public InferredVertexFormatInfo(VertexFormat format) {
 		this.format = format;
 		stride = format.getVertexSize();
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ public class VertexFormatInfo {
 		this.normalOffset = normalOffset;
 	}
 
-	protected VertexFormatInfo(VertexFormatInfo formatInfo) {
+	protected InferredVertexFormatInfo(InferredVertexFormatInfo formatInfo) {
 		format = formatInfo.format;
 		stride = formatInfo.stride;
 		positionOffset = formatInfo.positionOffset;

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/vertex/InferredVertexListImpl.java

@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.vertex;
+
+import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
+
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.ReusableVertexList;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.RenderMath;
+
+import net.minecraft.client.renderer.texture.OverlayTexture;
+
+public final class InferredVertexListImpl extends InferredVertexFormatInfo implements ReusableVertexList {
+	private long ptr;
+	private int vertexCount;
+
+	public InferredVertexListImpl(InferredVertexFormatInfo formatInfo) {
+		super(formatInfo);
+	}
+
+	private long idxPtr(int index) {
+		return ptr + index * stride;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public float x(int index) {
+		if (positionOffset < 0) return 0;
+		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(idxPtr(index) + positionOffset);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public float y(int index) {
+		if (positionOffset < 0) return 0;
+		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(idxPtr(index) + positionOffset + 4);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public float z(int index) {
+		if (positionOffset < 0) return 0;
+		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(idxPtr(index) + positionOffset + 8);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public byte r(int index) {
+		if (colorOffset < 0) return 0;
+		return MemoryUtil.memGetByte(idxPtr(index) + colorOffset);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public byte g(int index) {
+		if (colorOffset < 0) return 0;
+		return MemoryUtil.memGetByte(idxPtr(index) + colorOffset + 1);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public byte b(int index) {
+		if (colorOffset < 0) return 0;
+		return MemoryUtil.memGetByte(idxPtr(index) + colorOffset + 2);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public byte a(int index) {
+		if (colorOffset < 0) return 0;
+		return MemoryUtil.memGetByte(idxPtr(index) + colorOffset + 3);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public float u(int index) {
+		if (textureOffset < 0) return 0;
+		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(idxPtr(index) + textureOffset);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public float v(int index) {
+		if (textureOffset < 0) return 0;
+		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(idxPtr(index) + textureOffset + 4);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int overlay(int index) {
+		if (overlayOffset < 0) return OverlayTexture.NO_OVERLAY;
+		return MemoryUtil.memGetInt(idxPtr(index) + overlayOffset);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int light(int index) {
+		if (lightOffset < 0) return 0;
+		return MemoryUtil.memGetInt(idxPtr(index) + lightOffset);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public float normalX(int index) {
+		if (normalOffset < 0) return 0;
+		return RenderMath.f(MemoryUtil.memGetByte(idxPtr(index) + normalOffset));
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public float normalY(int index) {
+		if (normalOffset < 0) return 0;
+		return RenderMath.f(MemoryUtil.memGetByte(idxPtr(index) + normalOffset + 1));
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public float normalZ(int index) {
+		if (normalOffset < 0) return 0;
+		return RenderMath.f(MemoryUtil.memGetByte(idxPtr(index) + normalOffset + 2));
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void x(int index, float x) {
+		if (positionOffset < 0) return;
+		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(idxPtr(index) + positionOffset, x);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void y(int index, float y) {
+		if (positionOffset < 0) return;
+		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(idxPtr(index) + positionOffset + 4, y);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void z(int index, float z) {
+		if (positionOffset < 0) return;
+		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(idxPtr(index) + positionOffset + 8, z);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void r(int index, byte r) {
+		if (colorOffset < 0) return;
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(idxPtr(index) + colorOffset, r);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void g(int index, byte g) {
+		if (colorOffset < 0) return;
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(idxPtr(index) + colorOffset + 1, g);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void b(int index, byte b) {
+		if (colorOffset < 0) return;
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(idxPtr(index) + colorOffset + 2, b);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void a(int index, byte a) {
+		if (colorOffset < 0) return;
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(idxPtr(index) + colorOffset + 3, a);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void u(int index, float u) {
+		if (textureOffset < 0) return;
+		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(idxPtr(index) + textureOffset, u);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void v(int index, float v) {
+		if (textureOffset < 0) return;
+		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(idxPtr(index) + textureOffset + 4, v);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void overlay(int index, int overlay) {
+		if (overlayOffset < 0) return;
+		MemoryUtil.memPutInt(idxPtr(index) + overlayOffset, overlay);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void light(int index, int light) {
+		if (lightOffset < 0) return;
+		MemoryUtil.memPutInt(idxPtr(index) + lightOffset, light);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void normalX(int index, float normalX) {
+		if (normalOffset < 0) return;
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(idxPtr(index) + normalOffset, RenderMath.nb(normalX));
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void normalY(int index, float normalY) {
+		if (normalOffset < 0) return;
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(idxPtr(index) + normalOffset + 1, RenderMath.nb(normalY));
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void normalZ(int index, float normalZ) {
+		if (normalOffset < 0) return;
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(idxPtr(index) + normalOffset + 2, RenderMath.nb(normalZ));
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int getVertexCount() {
+		return vertexCount;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public long ptr() {
+		return ptr;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void ptr(long ptr) {
+		this.ptr = ptr;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void shiftPtr(int vertices) {
+		ptr += vertices * stride;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void setVertexCount(int vertexCount) {
+		this.vertexCount = vertexCount;
+	}
+}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/vertex/InferredVertexListProviderImpl.java

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.vertex;
+
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.ReusableVertexList;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexListProvider;
+import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.VertexFormat;
+
+public class InferredVertexListProviderImpl implements VertexListProvider {
+	private final VertexFormat format;
+	private final InferredVertexFormatInfo formatInfo;
+
+	public InferredVertexListProviderImpl(VertexFormat format) {
+		this.format = format;
+		formatInfo = new InferredVertexFormatInfo(format);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public ReusableVertexList createVertexList() {
+		return new InferredVertexListImpl(formatInfo);
+	}
+}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/vertex/PosTexNormalVertex.java

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.vertex;
 
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexType;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.Components;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.layout.BufferLayout;
@@ -9,7 +7,6 @@ import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.layout.CommonItems;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.source.FileResolution;
 
 public class PosTexNormalVertex implements VertexType {
-
 	public static final BufferLayout FORMAT = BufferLayout.builder()
 			.addItems(CommonItems.VEC3, CommonItems.UV, CommonItems.NORMAL)
 			.build();
@@ -19,18 +16,13 @@ public class PosTexNormalVertex implements VertexType {
 		return FORMAT;
 	}
 
-	@Override
-	public PosTexNormalWriterUnsafe createWriter(ByteBuffer buffer) {
-		return new PosTexNormalWriterUnsafe(this, buffer);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public PosTexNormalVertexListUnsafe createReader(ByteBuffer buffer, int vertexCount) {
-		return new PosTexNormalVertexListUnsafe(buffer, vertexCount);
-	}
-
 	@Override
 	public FileResolution getLayoutShader() {
 		return Components.Files.POS_TEX_NORMAL_LAYOUT;
 	}
+
+	@Override
+	public PosTexNormalVertexList createVertexList() {
+		return new PosTexNormalVertexList();
+	}
 }

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/vertex/PosTexNormalVertexList.java

@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.vertex;
+
+import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
+
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.RenderMath;
+
+import net.minecraft.client.renderer.texture.OverlayTexture;
+
+public class PosTexNormalVertexList extends AbstractVertexList {
+	protected static final int STRIDE = 23;
+
+	protected long idxPtr(long idx) {
+		return ptr + idx * STRIDE;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public float x(int index) {
+		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(idxPtr(index));
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public float y(int index) {
+		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(idxPtr(index) + 4);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public float z(int index) {
+		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(idxPtr(index) + 8);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public byte r(int index) {
+		return (byte) 0xFF;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public byte g(int index) {
+		return (byte) 0xFF;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public byte b(int index) {
+		return (byte) 0xFF;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public byte a(int index) {
+		return (byte) 0xFF;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public float u(int index) {
+		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(idxPtr(index) + 12);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public float v(int index) {
+		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(idxPtr(index) + 16);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int overlay(int index) {
+		return OverlayTexture.NO_OVERLAY;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int light(int index) {
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public float normalX(int index) {
+		return RenderMath.f(MemoryUtil.memGetByte(idxPtr(index) + 20));
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public float normalY(int index) {
+		return RenderMath.f(MemoryUtil.memGetByte(idxPtr(index) + 21));
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public float normalZ(int index) {
+		return RenderMath.f(MemoryUtil.memGetByte(idxPtr(index) + 22));
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void x(int index, float x) {
+		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(idxPtr(index), x);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void y(int index, float y) {
+		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(idxPtr(index) + 4, y);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void z(int index, float z) {
+		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(idxPtr(index) + 8, z);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void r(int index, byte r) {
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void g(int index, byte g) {
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void b(int index, byte b) {
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void a(int index, byte a) {
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void u(int index, float u) {
+		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(idxPtr(index) + 12, u);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void v(int index, float v) {
+		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(idxPtr(index) + 16, v);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void overlay(int index, int overlay) {
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void light(int index, int light) {
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void normalX(int index, float normalX) {
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(idxPtr(index) + 20, RenderMath.nb(normalX));
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void normalY(int index, float normalY) {
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(idxPtr(index) + 21, RenderMath.nb(normalY));
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void normalZ(int index, float normalZ) {
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(idxPtr(index) + 22, RenderMath.nb(normalZ));
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void shiftPtr(int vertices) {
+		ptr += vertices * STRIDE;
+	}
+}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/vertex/PosTexNormalVertexListUnsafe.java

@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.vertex;
-
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-
-import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
-
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.RenderMath;
-
-import net.minecraft.client.renderer.texture.OverlayTexture;
-
-public class PosTexNormalVertexListUnsafe extends AbstractVertexList {
-
-	public PosTexNormalVertexListUnsafe(ByteBuffer copyFrom, int vertexCount) {
-		super(copyFrom, vertexCount);
-	}
-
-	private long ptr(long idx) {
-		return base + idx * 23;
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public float x(int index) {
-		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(ptr(index));
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public float y(int index) {
-		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(ptr(index) + 4);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public float z(int index) {
-		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(ptr(index) + 8);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public byte r(int index) {
-		return (byte) 0xFF;
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public byte g(int index) {
-		return (byte) 0xFF;
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public byte b(int index) {
-		return (byte) 0xFF;
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public byte a(int index) {
-		return (byte) 0xFF;
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public float u(int index) {
-		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(ptr(index) + 12);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public float v(int index) {
-		return MemoryUtil.memGetFloat(ptr(index) + 16);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public int overlay(int index) {
-		return OverlayTexture.NO_OVERLAY;
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public int light(int index) {
-		return 0;
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public float normalX(int index) {
-		return RenderMath.f(MemoryUtil.memGetByte(ptr(index) + 20));
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public float normalY(int index) {
-		return RenderMath.f(MemoryUtil.memGetByte(ptr(index) + 21));
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public float normalZ(int index) {
-		return RenderMath.f(MemoryUtil.memGetByte(ptr(index) + 22));
-	}
-}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/vertex/PosTexNormalWriterUnsafe.java

@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.vertex;
-
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-
-import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
-
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexList;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.RenderMath;
-
-public class PosTexNormalWriterUnsafe extends VertexWriterUnsafe<PosTexNormalVertex> {
-
-	public PosTexNormalWriterUnsafe(PosTexNormalVertex type, ByteBuffer buffer) {
-		super(type, buffer);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void writeVertex(VertexList list, int i) {
-		float x = list.x(i);
-		float y = list.y(i);
-		float z = list.z(i);
-
-		float u = list.u(i);
-		float v = list.v(i);
-
-		float xN = list.normalX(i);
-		float yN = list.normalY(i);
-		float zN = list.normalZ(i);
-
-		putVertex(x, y, z, xN, yN, zN, u, v);
-	}
-
-	public void putVertex(float x, float y, float z, float nX, float nY, float nZ, float u, float v) {
-		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr, x);
-		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr + 4, y);
-		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr + 8, z);
-		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr + 12, u);
-		MemoryUtil.memPutFloat(ptr + 16, v);
-		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + 20, RenderMath.nb(nX));
-		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + 21, RenderMath.nb(nY));
-		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + 22, RenderMath.nb(nZ));
-
-		ptr += 23;
-	}
-}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/vertex/TrackedVertexList.java

@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.vertex;
-
-import java.lang.ref.Cleaner;
-import java.nio.Buffer;
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-
-import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
-
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexList;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.FlywheelMemory;
-import com.mojang.blaze3d.platform.MemoryTracker;
-
-public abstract class TrackedVertexList implements VertexList, AutoCloseable {
-
-	protected final ByteBuffer contents;
-	protected final long base;
-	protected final int vertexCount;
-	private final Cleaner.Cleanable cleanable;
-
-	protected TrackedVertexList(ByteBuffer copyFrom, int vertexCount) {
-		this.contents = MemoryTracker.create(copyFrom.capacity());
-		this.contents.order(copyFrom.order());
-		this.contents.put(copyFrom);
-		((Buffer) this.contents).flip();
-
-		this.cleanable = FlywheelMemory.track(this, this.contents);
-
-		this.base = MemoryUtil.memAddress(this.contents);
-		this.vertexCount = vertexCount;
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void close() {
-		cleanable.clean();
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public int getVertexCount() {
-		return vertexCount;
-	}
-}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/vertex/VertexListProviderRegistry.java

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.vertex;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
+
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexListProvider;
+import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.VertexFormat;
+
+public class VertexListProviderRegistry {
+	private static final Map<VertexFormat, Holder> HOLDERS = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+	private static Holder getOrCreateHolder(VertexFormat format) {
+		return HOLDERS.computeIfAbsent(format, Holder::new);
+	}
+
+	public static void register(VertexFormat format, VertexListProvider provider) {
+		getOrCreateHolder(format).registeredProvider = provider;
+	}
+
+	@Nullable
+	public static VertexListProvider get(VertexFormat format) {
+		return getOrCreateHolder(format).get();
+	}
+
+	public static VertexListProvider getOrInfer(VertexFormat format) {
+		return getOrCreateHolder(format).getOrInfer();
+	}
+
+	private static class Holder {
+		public final VertexFormat format;
+		public VertexListProvider registeredProvider;
+		public VertexListProvider inferredProvider;
+
+		public Holder(VertexFormat format) {
+			this.format = format;
+		}
+
+		@Nullable
+		public VertexListProvider get() {
+			return registeredProvider;
+		}
+
+		public VertexListProvider getOrInfer() {
+			if (registeredProvider != null) {
+				return registeredProvider;
+			}
+			if (inferredProvider == null) {
+				inferredProvider = new InferredVertexListProviderImpl(format);
+			}
+			return inferredProvider;
+		}
+	}
+}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/core/vertex/VertexWriterUnsafe.java

@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-package com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.vertex;
-
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-
-import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
-
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexList;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexType;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.api.vertex.VertexWriter;
-
-public abstract class VertexWriterUnsafe<V extends VertexType> implements VertexWriter {
-
-	public final V type;
-	protected final ByteBuffer buffer;
-	protected long ptr;
-
-	protected VertexWriterUnsafe(V type, ByteBuffer buffer) {
-		this.type = type;
-		this.buffer = buffer;
-		this.ptr = MemoryUtil.memAddress(buffer);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public void seek(long offset) {
-		buffer.position((int) offset);
-		ptr = MemoryUtil.memAddress(buffer);
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public VertexList intoReader(int vertices) {
-		return type.createReader(buffer, vertices);
-	}
-}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/event/ForgeEvents.java

@@ -4,9 +4,10 @@ import java.util.ArrayList;
 
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.Flywheel;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.Backend;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.FlywheelMemory;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.InstancedRenderDispatcher;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.memory.FlwMemoryTracker;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.light.LightUpdater;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.StringUtil;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.WorldAttached;
 
 import net.minecraft.client.Minecraft;
@@ -24,10 +25,7 @@ public class ForgeEvents {
 
 			InstancedRenderDispatcher.getDebugString(debug);
 
-			// TODO: compress into one line
-			debug.add("Memory used:");
-			debug.add("GPU: " + FlywheelMemory.getGPUMemory());
-			debug.add("CPU: " + FlywheelMemory.getCPUMemory());
+			debug.add("Memory Usage: CPU: " + StringUtil.formatBytes(FlwMemoryTracker.getCPUMemory()) + ", GPU: " + StringUtil.formatBytes(FlwMemoryTracker.getGPUMemory()));
 		}
 	}
 

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/light/GPULightVolume.java

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ public class GPULightVolume extends LightVolume {
 
 	public void bind() {
 		// just in case something goes wrong, or we accidentally call this before this volume is properly disposed of.
-		if (lightData == null || lightData.capacity() == 0) return;
+		if (lightData == null || lightData.size() == 0) return;
 
 		textureUnit.makeActive();
 		glTexture.bind();
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ public class GPULightVolume extends LightVolume {
 			int sizeY = box.sizeY();
 			int sizeZ = box.sizeZ();
 
-			glTexSubImage3D(GL_TEXTURE_3D, 0, 0, 0, 0, sizeX, sizeY, sizeZ, GL30.GL_RG, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, lightData);
+			glTexSubImage3D(GL_TEXTURE_3D, 0, 0, 0, 0, sizeX, sizeY, sizeZ, GL30.GL_RG, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, lightData.ptr());
 
 			glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 4); // 4 is the default
 			bufferDirty = false;

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/light/LightVolume.java

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 package com.jozufozu.flywheel.light;
 
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-
 import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
 
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.memory.MemoryBlock;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.box.GridAlignedBB;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.box.ImmutableBox;
 
@@ -15,13 +14,53 @@ public class LightVolume implements ImmutableBox, LightListener {
 
 	protected final BlockAndTintGetter level;
 	protected final GridAlignedBB box = new GridAlignedBB();
-	protected ByteBuffer lightData;
+	protected MemoryBlock lightData;
 
 	public LightVolume(BlockAndTintGetter level, ImmutableBox sampleVolume) {
 		this.level = level;
 		this.setBox(sampleVolume);
 
-		this.lightData = MemoryUtil.memAlloc(this.box.volume() * 2);
+		this.lightData = MemoryBlock.malloc(this.box.volume() * 2);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public ImmutableBox getVolume() {
+		return box;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int getMinX() {
+		return box.getMinX();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int getMinY() {
+		return box.getMinY();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int getMinZ() {
+		return box.getMinZ();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int getMaxX() {
+		return box.getMaxX();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int getMaxY() {
+		return box.getMaxY();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int getMaxZ() {
+		return box.getMaxZ();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean isListenerInvalid() {
+		return lightData == null;
 	}
 
 	protected void setBox(ImmutableBox box) {
@@ -30,47 +69,143 @@ public class LightVolume implements ImmutableBox, LightListener {
 
 	public short getPackedLight(int x, int y, int z) {
 		if (box.contains(x, y, z)) {
-			return lightData.getShort(worldPosToBufferIndex(x, y, z));
+			return MemoryUtil.memGetShort(worldPosToPtr(x, y, z));
 		} else {
 			return 0;
 		}
 	}
 
-	public int getMinX() {
-		return box.getMinX();
-	}
-
-	public int getMinY() {
-		return box.getMinY();
-	}
-
-	public int getMinZ() {
-		return box.getMinZ();
-	}
-
-	public int getMaxX() {
-		return box.getMaxX();
-	}
-
-	public int getMaxY() {
-		return box.getMaxY();
-	}
-
-	public int getMaxZ() {
-		return box.getMaxZ();
-	}
-
 	public void move(ImmutableBox newSampleVolume) {
 		if (lightData == null) return;
 
 		setBox(newSampleVolume);
 		int neededCapacity = box.volume() * 2;
-		if (neededCapacity > lightData.capacity()) {
-			lightData = MemoryUtil.memRealloc(lightData, neededCapacity);
+		if (neededCapacity > lightData.size()) {
+			lightData = lightData.realloc(neededCapacity);
 		}
 		initialize();
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Completely (re)populate this volume with block and sky lighting data.
+	 * This is expensive and should be avoided.
+	 */
+	public void initialize() {
+		if (lightData == null) return;
+
+		copyLight(getVolume());
+		markDirty();
+	}
+
+	protected void markDirty() {
+		// noop
+	}
+
+	public void delete() {
+		lightData.free();
+		lightData = null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Copy all light from the world into this volume.
+	 *
+	 * @param worldVolume the region in the world to copy data from.
+	 */
+	public void copyLight(ImmutableBox worldVolume) {
+		BlockPos.MutableBlockPos pos = new BlockPos.MutableBlockPos();
+
+		int xShift = box.getMinX();
+		int yShift = box.getMinY();
+		int zShift = box.getMinZ();
+
+		worldVolume.forEachContained((x, y, z) -> {
+			pos.set(x, y, z);
+
+			int block = this.level.getBrightness(LightLayer.BLOCK, pos);
+			int sky = this.level.getBrightness(LightLayer.SKY, pos);
+
+			writeLight(x - xShift, y - yShift, z - zShift, block, sky);
+		});
+	}
+
+	protected void writeLight(int x, int y, int z, int block, int sky) {
+		byte b = (byte) ((block & 0xF) << 4);
+		byte s = (byte) ((sky & 0xF) << 4);
+
+		long ptr = boxPosToPtr(x, y, z);
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr, b);
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(ptr + 1, s);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Copy block light from the world into this volume.
+	 *
+	 * @param worldVolume the region in the world to copy data from.
+	 */
+	public void copyBlock(ImmutableBox worldVolume) {
+		var pos = new BlockPos.MutableBlockPos();
+
+		int xShift = box.getMinX();
+		int yShift = box.getMinY();
+		int zShift = box.getMinZ();
+
+		worldVolume.forEachContained((x, y, z) -> {
+			int light = this.level.getBrightness(LightLayer.BLOCK, pos.set(x, y, z));
+
+			writeBlock(x - xShift, y - yShift, z - zShift, light);
+		});
+	}
+
+	protected void writeBlock(int x, int y, int z, int block) {
+		byte b = (byte) ((block & 0xF) << 4);
+
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(boxPosToPtr(x, y, z), b);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Copy sky light from the world into this volume.
+	 *
+	 * @param worldVolume the region in the world to copy data from.
+	 */
+	public void copySky(ImmutableBox worldVolume) {
+		var pos = new BlockPos.MutableBlockPos();
+
+		int xShift = box.getMinX();
+		int yShift = box.getMinY();
+		int zShift = box.getMinZ();
+
+		worldVolume.forEachContained((x, y, z) -> {
+			int light = this.level.getBrightness(LightLayer.SKY, pos.set(x, y, z));
+
+			writeSky(x - xShift, y - yShift, z - zShift, light);
+		});
+	}
+
+	protected void writeSky(int x, int y, int z, int sky) {
+		byte s = (byte) ((sky & 0xF) << 4);
+
+		MemoryUtil.memPutByte(boxPosToPtr(x, y, z) + 1, s);
+	}
+
+	protected long worldPosToPtr(int x, int y, int z) {
+		return lightData.ptr() + worldPosToPtrOffset(x, y, z);
+	}
+
+	protected long boxPosToPtr(int x, int y, int z) {
+		return lightData.ptr() + boxPosToPtrOffset(x, y, z);
+	}
+
+	protected int worldPosToPtrOffset(int x, int y, int z) {
+		x -= box.getMinX();
+		y -= box.getMinY();
+		z -= box.getMinZ();
+		return boxPosToPtrOffset(x, y, z);
+	}
+
+	protected int boxPosToPtrOffset(int x, int y, int z) {
+		return (x + box.sizeX() * (y + z * box.sizeY())) * 2;
+	}
+
 	@Override
 	public void onLightUpdate(LightLayer type, ImmutableBox changedVolume) {
 		if (lightData == null) return;
@@ -96,126 +231,4 @@ public class LightVolume implements ImmutableBox, LightListener {
 		markDirty();
 	}
 
-	/**
-	 * Completely (re)populate this volume with block and sky lighting data.
-	 * This is expensive and should be avoided.
-	 */
-	public void initialize() {
-		if (lightData == null) return;
-
-		copyLight(getVolume());
-		markDirty();
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Copy block light from the world into this volume.
-	 *
-	 * @param worldVolume the region in the world to copy data from.
-	 */
-	public void copyBlock(ImmutableBox worldVolume) {
-		var pos = new BlockPos.MutableBlockPos();
-
-		int xShift = box.getMinX();
-		int yShift = box.getMinY();
-		int zShift = box.getMinZ();
-
-		worldVolume.forEachContained((x, y, z) -> {
-			int light = this.level.getBrightness(LightLayer.BLOCK, pos.set(x, y, z));
-
-			writeBlock(x - xShift, y - yShift, z - zShift, light);
-		});
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Copy sky light from the world into this volume.
-	 *
-	 * @param worldVolume the region in the world to copy data from.
-	 */
-	public void copySky(ImmutableBox worldVolume) {
-		var pos = new BlockPos.MutableBlockPos();
-
-		int xShift = box.getMinX();
-		int yShift = box.getMinY();
-		int zShift = box.getMinZ();
-
-		worldVolume.forEachContained((x, y, z) -> {
-			int light = this.level.getBrightness(LightLayer.SKY, pos.set(x, y, z));
-
-			writeSky(x - xShift, y - yShift, z - zShift, light);
-		});
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Copy all light from the world into this volume.
-	 *
-	 * @param worldVolume the region in the world to copy data from.
-	 */
-	public void copyLight(ImmutableBox worldVolume) {
-		BlockPos.MutableBlockPos pos = new BlockPos.MutableBlockPos();
-
-		int xShift = box.getMinX();
-		int yShift = box.getMinY();
-		int zShift = box.getMinZ();
-
-		worldVolume.forEachContained((x, y, z) -> {
-			pos.set(x, y, z);
-
-			int block = this.level.getBrightness(LightLayer.BLOCK, pos);
-			int sky = this.level.getBrightness(LightLayer.SKY, pos);
-
-			writeLight(x - xShift, y - yShift, z - zShift, block, sky);
-		});
-	}
-
-	public void delete() {
-		MemoryUtil.memFree(lightData);
-		lightData = null;
-	}
-
-	protected void markDirty() {
-		// noop
-	}
-
-	protected void writeLight(int x, int y, int z, int block, int sky) {
-		byte b = (byte) ((block & 0xF) << 4);
-		byte s = (byte) ((sky & 0xF) << 4);
-
-		int i = boxPosToBufferIndex(x, y, z);
-		lightData.put(i, b);
-		lightData.put(i + 1, s);
-	}
-
-	protected void writeBlock(int x, int y, int z, int block) {
-		byte b = (byte) ((block & 0xF) << 4);
-
-		lightData.put(boxPosToBufferIndex(x, y, z), b);
-	}
-
-	protected void writeSky(int x, int y, int z, int sky) {
-		byte b = (byte) ((sky & 0xF) << 4);
-
-		lightData.put(boxPosToBufferIndex(x, y, z) + 1, b);
-	}
-
-	protected int worldPosToBufferIndex(int x, int y, int z) {
-		x -= box.getMinX();
-		y -= box.getMinY();
-		z -= box.getMinZ();
-		return boxPosToBufferIndex(x, y, z);
-	}
-
-	protected int boxPosToBufferIndex(int x, int y, int z) {
-		return (x + box.sizeX() * (y + z * box.sizeY())) * 2;
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public ImmutableBox getVolume() {
-		return box;
-	}
-
-	@Override
-	public boolean isListenerInvalid() {
-		return lightData == null;
-	}
-
 }

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/util/StringUtil.java

@@ -15,19 +15,33 @@ import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 
 import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
 
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.memory.FlwMemoryTracker;
+
 public class StringUtil {
 
-	private static final NumberFormat timeFormat = new DecimalFormat("#0.000");
+	private static final NumberFormat THREE_DECIMAL_PLACES = new DecimalFormat("#0.000");
+
+	public static String formatBytes(long bytes) {
+		if (bytes < 1024) {
+			return bytes + " B";
+		} else if (bytes < 1024 * 1024) {
+			return THREE_DECIMAL_PLACES.format(bytes / 1024f) + " KiB";
+		} else if (bytes < 1024 * 1024 * 1024) {
+			return THREE_DECIMAL_PLACES.format(bytes / 1024f / 1024f) + " MiB";
+		} else {
+			return THREE_DECIMAL_PLACES.format(bytes / 1024f / 1024f / 1024f) + " GiB";
+		}
+	}
 
 	public static String formatTime(long ns) {
 		if (ns < 1000) {
 			return ns + " ns";
 		} else if (ns < 1000000) {
-			return timeFormat.format(ns / 1000.) + " μs";
+			return THREE_DECIMAL_PLACES.format(ns / 1000f) + " μs";
 		} else if (ns < 1000000000) {
-			return timeFormat.format(ns / 1000000.) + " ms";
+			return THREE_DECIMAL_PLACES.format(ns / 1000000f) + " ms";
 		} else {
-			return timeFormat.format(ns / 1000000000.) + " s";
+			return THREE_DECIMAL_PLACES.format(ns / 1000000000f) + " s";
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -56,11 +70,11 @@ public class StringUtil {
 			((Buffer) bytebuffer).rewind();
 			return MemoryUtil.memASCII(bytebuffer, i);
 		} catch (IOException ignored) {
+			//
 		} finally {
 			if (bytebuffer != null) {
-				MemoryUtil.memFree(bytebuffer);
+				FlwMemoryTracker.freeBuffer(bytebuffer);
 			}
-
 		}
 
 		return null;
@@ -75,12 +89,12 @@ public class StringUtil {
 	}
 
 	private static ByteBuffer readInputStream(InputStream is) throws IOException {
-		ByteBuffer bytebuffer = MemoryUtil.memAlloc(8192);
+		ByteBuffer bytebuffer = FlwMemoryTracker.mallocBuffer(8192);
 		ReadableByteChannel readablebytechannel = Channels.newChannel(is);
 
 		while (readablebytechannel.read(bytebuffer) != -1) {
 			if (bytebuffer.remaining() == 0) {
-				bytebuffer = MemoryUtil.memRealloc(bytebuffer, bytebuffer.capacity() * 2);
+				bytebuffer = FlwMemoryTracker.reallocBuffer(bytebuffer, bytebuffer.capacity() * 2);
 			}
 		}
 		return bytebuffer;
@@ -88,7 +102,7 @@ public class StringUtil {
 
 	private static ByteBuffer readFileInputStream(FileInputStream fileinputstream) throws IOException {
 		FileChannel filechannel = fileinputstream.getChannel();
-		ByteBuffer bytebuffer = MemoryUtil.memAlloc((int) filechannel.size() + 1);
+		ByteBuffer bytebuffer = FlwMemoryTracker.mallocBuffer((int) filechannel.size() + 1);
 
 		while (filechannel.read(bytebuffer) != -1) {
 		}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/util/WorldAttached.java

@@ -36,7 +36,16 @@ public class WorldAttached<T> {
 				i.remove();
 			} else {
 				// Prevent leaks
-				map.remove(world);
+				Object attached = map.remove(world);
+
+				// No, *really* prevent leaks
+				if (attached instanceof AutoCloseable closeable) {
+					try {
+						closeable.close();
+					} catch (Exception ignored) {
+
+					}
+				}
 			}
 		}
 	}

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/vanilla/ChestInstance.java

@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.Materials;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.hardcoded.ModelPart;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.SimpleLazyModel;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.StructTypes;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.model.TransformedPart;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.oriented.OrientedPart;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.transformed.TransformedPart;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.AnimationTickHolder;
 import com.mojang.math.Quaternion;
 import com.mojang.math.Vector3f;

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/vanilla/MinecartInstance.java

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.Mesh;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.Models;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.SimpleLazyModel;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.StructTypes;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.model.TransformedPart;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.transformed.TransformedPart;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.AnimationTickHolder;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.transform.TransformStack;
 import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.PoseStack;

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/vanilla/ShulkerBoxInstance.java

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.Materials;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.hardcoded.ModelPart;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.SimpleLazyModel;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.StructTypes;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.model.TransformedPart;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.transformed.TransformedPart;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.AnimationTickHolder;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.transform.TransformStack;
 import com.mojang.blaze3d.vertex.PoseStack;

src/main/java/com/jozufozu/flywheel/vanilla/effect/ExampleEffect.java

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.InstancedRenderDispatcher;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.backend.instancing.effect.Effect;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.model.Models;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.StructTypes;
-import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.model.TransformedPart;
+import com.jozufozu.flywheel.core.structs.transformed.TransformedPart;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.event.ReloadRenderersEvent;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.AnimationTickHolder;
 import com.jozufozu.flywheel.util.box.GridAlignedBB;