.. _quickstart:

Quickstart
===================

This assumes you already have the capnp library installed. If you don't, please follow the instructions at :ref:`Installation <install>` first.

In general, this library is a very light wrapping of the `Cap'n Proto C++ library <http://kentonv.github.io/capnproto/cxx.html>`_. You can refer to its docs for more advanced concepts, or just to get a basic idea of how the python library is structured.

Load a Cap'n Proto Schema
-------------------------

First you need to import the library::
    
    import capnp

Then you can load the Cap'n Proto schema with::

    import addressbook_capnp

This will look all through all the directories in your sys.path/PYTHONPATH, and try to find a file of the form 'addressbook.capnp'. If you want to disable the import hook magic that `import capnp` adds, and load manually, here's how::

    capnp.remove_import_hook()
    addressbook_capnp = capnp.load('addressbook.capnp')

For future reference, here is the Cap'n Proto schema. Also available in the github repository under `examples/addressbook.capnp <https://github.com/jparyani/pycapnp/tree/master/examples>`_::

    # addressbook.capnp
    0x934efea7f017fff0;

    const qux :UInt32 = 123;

    struct Person {
      id @0 :UInt32;
      name @1 :Text;
      email @2 :Text;
      phones @3 :List(PhoneNumber);

      struct PhoneNumber {
        number @0 :Text;
        type @1 :Type;

        enum Type {
          mobile @0;
          home @1;
          work @2;
        }
      }

      employment @4 union {
        unemployed @5 :Void;
        employer @6 :Text;
        school @7 :Text;
        selfEmployed @8 :Void;
        # We assume that a person is only one of these.
      }
    }

    struct AddressBook {
      people @0 :List(Person);
    }

Const values
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Const values show up just as you'd expect under the loaded schema. For example::
    
    print addressbook_capnp.qux
    # 123

Build a message
------------------

Initialize a New Cap'n Proto Object
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Now that you have a message buffer, you need to allocate an actual object that is from your schema. In this case, we will allocate an `AddressBook`::

    addresses = addressbook_capnp.AddressBook.new_message()

Notice that we used `addressbook_capnp` from the previous section: `Load a Cap'n Proto Schema`_.

List
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Allocating a list inside of an object requires use of the `init` function::
    
    people = addresses.init('people', 2)

For now, let's grab the first element out of this list and assign it to a variable named `alice`::

    alice = people[0]

Primitive Types
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

For all primitive types, from the Cap'n Proto docs:

- Boolean: Bool
- Integers: Int8, Int16, Int32, Int64
- Unsigned integers: UInt8, UInt16, UInt32, UInt64
- Floating-point: Float32, Float64
- Blobs: Text, Data

You can assign straight to the variable with the corresponding Python type. For Blobs, you use strings. Assignment happens just by using the `.` syntax on the object you contstructed above::

    alice.id = 123
    alice.name = 'Alice'
    alice.email = 'alice@example.com'

Enums
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

First we'll allocate a length one list of phonenumbers for `alice`::

    alicePhone = alice.init('phones', 1)[0]

Note that even though it was a length 1 list, it was still a list that was returned, and we extracted the first (and only) element with `[0]`.

Now, enums are treated like strings, and you just assign to them like there were a Text field::
    
    alicePhone.type = 'mobile'

If you assign an invalid value to one, you will get a ValueError::

    alicePhone.type = 'foo'
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
    ...
    ValueError: src/capnp/schema.c++:326: requirement not met: enum has no such enumerant; name = foo

Unions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
For the most part, you just treat them like structs::

    alice.employment.school = "MIT"

Now the `school` field is the active part of the union, and we've assigned `'MIT'` to it. You can query which field is set in a union with `which()`, shown in `Reading Unions`_

Also, one weird case is for Void types in Unions (and in general, but Void is really only used in Unions). For these, you will have to assign `None` to them::

    bob.employment.unemployed = None 

Writing to a File
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Once you're done assigning to all the fields in a message, you can write it to a file like so::

    f = open('example.bin', 'w')
    addresses.write(f)

There is also a `write_packed` function, that writes out the message more space-efficientally. If you use write_packed, make sure to use read_packed when reading the message.

Read a message
-----------------

Reading from a file
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Much like before, you will have to de-serialize the message from a file descriptor::

    f = open('example.bin')
    addresses = addressbook_capnp.AddressBook.read(f)

Note that this very much needs to match the type you wrote out. In general, you will always be sending the same message types out over a given channel or you should wrap all your types in an unnamed union. Unnamed unions are defined in the .capnp file like so::

    struct Message {
        union {
          person @0 :Person;
          addressbook @1 :AddressBook;
        }
    }

Reading Fields
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Fields are very easy to read. You just use the `.` syntax as before. Lists behave just like normal Python lists::

    for person in addresses.people:
        print(person.name, ':', person.email)
        for phone in person.phones:
            print(phone.type, ':', phone.number)

Reading Unions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The only tricky one is unions, where you need to call `.which()` to determine the union type. The `.which()` call returns an enum, ie. a string, corresponding to the field name::

        which = person.employment.which()
        print(which)

        if which == 'unemployed':
            print('unemployed')
        elif which == 'employer':
            print('employer:', person.employment.employer)
        elif which == 'school':
            print('student at:', person.employment.school)
        elif which == 'selfEmployed':
            print('self employed')
        print()

Serializing/Deserializing
--------------

Files
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

As shown in the examples above, there is file serialization with `write()`::
    
    addresses = addressbook_capnp.AddressBook.new_message()
    ...
    f = open('example.bin', 'w')
    addresses.write(f)

And similarly for reading::

    f = open('example.bin')
    addresses = addressbook_capnp.AddressBook.read(f)

Dictionaries
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

There is a convenience method for converting Cap'n Proto messages to a dictionary. This works for both Builder and Reader type messages::

    alice.to_dict()

There is also a convenience method for reading for reading a dict in and building a Builder message out of it. This the inverse of the above::

    my_dict = {'name' : 'alice'}
    alice = addressbook.Person.from_dict(my_dict)

Byte Strings/Buffers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

There is serialization to a byte string available::

    encoded_message = alice.to_bytes()

And a corresponding from_bytes function::

    alice = addressbook.Person.from_bytes(encoded_message)

Full Example
------------------

Here is a full example reproduced from `examples/example.py <https://github.com/jparyani/pycapnp/blob/master/examples/example.py>`_::
    
    from __future__ import print_function
    import os
    import capnp

    import addressbook_capnp

    def writeAddressBook(file):
        addresses = addressbook_capnp.AddressBook.new_message()
        people = addresses.init('people', 2)

        alice = people[0]
        alice.id = 123
        alice.name = 'Alice'
        alice.email = 'alice@example.com'
        alicePhones = alice.init('phones', 1)
        alicePhones[0].number = "555-1212"
        alicePhones[0].type = 'mobile'
        alice.employment.school = "MIT"

        bob = people[1]
        bob.id = 456
        bob.name = 'Bob'
        bob.email = 'bob@example.com'
        bobPhones = bob.init('phones', 2)
        bobPhones[0].number = "555-4567"
        bobPhones[0].type = 'home'
        bobPhones[1].number = "555-7654"
        bobPhones[1].type = 'work'
        bob.employment.unemployed = None

        addresses.write(file)


    def printAddressBook(file):
        addresses = addressbook_capnp.AddressBook.read(file)

        for person in addresses.people:
            print(person.name, ':', person.email)
            for phone in person.phones:
                print(phone.type, ':', phone.number)

            which = person.employment.which()
            print(which)

            if which == 'unemployed':
                print('unemployed')
            elif which == 'employer':
                print('employer:', person.employment.employer)
            elif which == 'school':
                print('student at:', person.employment.school)
            elif which == 'selfEmployed':
                print('self employed')
            print()


    if __name__ == '__main__':
        f = open('example', 'w')
        writeAddressBook(f)

        f = open('example', 'r')
        printAddressBook(f)